Ch. 7 MGMT 3720
20) According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.
hygiene factors
45) Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.
jointly set goals
82) The equity theory's hypothesis has served as an important precursor to the study of ________.
organizational justice
19) According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?
quality of supervision
42) A prevention (but not a promotion) focus is related to higher levels of ________.
safety performance
53) The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.
self efficacy
40) Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?
D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
84) Which of the following is an example of changing inputs in regard to equity theory?
D) exerting less effort if underpaid
65) To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
79) What are the three relationships in Vroom's expectancy theory?
a) The effort-peformance b) The performance-reward c) The rewards-personal
63) The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.
environmentally caused
81) Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?
equity
29) According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."
false
30) McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.
false
31) McClelland's theory of needs has received little research support, particularly when cultural dimensions are considered.
false
41) According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.
E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent
102) Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
EXPECTANCY THEORY
78) Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.
true
15) The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.
two factor
16) Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?
two-factor
59) Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?
verbal persuasion
105) According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.
A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes
67) The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
behaviorism
3) The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.
intensity
26) Which of following needs best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?
interpersonal relationships
1) ________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
motivation
18) Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?
recognition
62) A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
reinforcer
69) George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing?
retention processes
11) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower level need?
safety-security
54) ________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
self efficacy
60) The Pygmalion effect is based on the concept of ________.
self fulfulling prophecy
13) Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?
self-actualization
12) Which of the following is the highest level need in Maslow's theory?
self-actulaization
39) The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.
self-concordance
35) Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?
self-determination theory
27) Compared to Maslow's hierarchy, the needs described in McClelland's theory of needs are more akin to motivating factors than strict needs for survival.
true
28) The two-factor theory has been well supported in research and is very much in use in research in Asia.
true
4) Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
true
46) People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.
true
49) According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.
true
70) Feedback influences self-efficacy.
true
71) Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
true
74) What are the four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura?
1. Enactive mastery 2. Vicarious modeling 3. Verbal persuasion 4. Arousal
7) Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?
Physiological
44) MBO provides individual employees with ________.
A) personal performance objectives
43) MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.
A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable
21) McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?
achievement, power, and affiliation
92) Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?
A) Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.
83) Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make any of the following choices except ________.
A) be content with the referent
37) Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.
A) competence and positive connections
36) Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?
B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.
61) The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.
B) Pygmalion effect
Why is Maslow's theory criticized?
B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.
85) Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online Web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance?
C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.
68) According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?
C) motor reproduction process
38) Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?
D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
80) In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.
D) outcome-input ratio
77) If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.
D) rewards-personal goals
17) According to the two-factor theory, ________.
D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction
76) With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?
E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.
25) Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs?
E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.
66) Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?
E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.
95) Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.
FALSE
99) The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________.
JOB ENGAGEMENT
103) Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship.
PERFORMANCE REWARD
104) Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
PERFORMANCE REWARD
100) An overly high level of engagement can lead to a loss of perspective and, ultimately, burnout.
TRUE
101) Practicing managers and scholars have become interested in facilitating job engagement, believing factors deeper than liking a job or finding it interesting drives performance.
TRUE
93) Expectancy theory suggests that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe that it will lead to a good performance appraisal, that a good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards, and that the rewards will satisfy their personal goals.
TRUE
94) Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which he or she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.
TRUE
The level of motivation varies both between individuals and within individuals at different times
True
89) Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.
distributive
47) Assigned goals appear to generate greater goal commitment in low-power cultures than in high power-distance cultures.
false
48) A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment is the prevention focus.
false
72) The Pygmalion effect is not a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.
false
24) Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?
need for achievement
64) ________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.
operant conditioning theory
2) The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.
persistence
90) Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.
procedural
91) Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
procedural justice
