Ch-8-1-How Memory Functions

abstract words like level, truth, and value are low-imagery words. High-imagery words are encoded ___________ (Paivio, 1986), thus building a stronger memory.

both visually and semantically

Their model of human memory (Figure), _____, is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information.

called Atkinson-Shiffrin (A-S)

Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic ______.

processing

Words that had been encoded __________ were better remembered

semantically-Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving

he asked people to memorize words. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. When they were asked to remember the words, they tended to recall them in categories, showing that they paid attention to the meanings of the words as they learned them.

sementic encoding-Bousfiled

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in ____.

sensory memory

We encode the _______ the words make. This is one of the reasons why much of what we teach young children is done through song, rhyme, and rhythm.

sounds

Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. Short-term memory storage lasts about ____________ seconds.

20

George Miller, in his research on the capacity of memory, found that most people can retain about ______________ items in STM. Some remember 5, some 9, so he called the capacity of STM_____________ plus or minus 2.

7

According to ______, a central executive part of memory supervises or controls the flow of information to and from the three short-term systems.

Baddeley and Hitch

______ have proposed a model where short-term memory itself has different forms. In this model, storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. The type of short-term memory (or computer file) depends on the type of information received. There are memories in visual-spatial form, as well as memories of spoken or written material, and they are stored in three short-term systems: a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop

Baddeley and Hitch

_______________ is information about events we have personally experienced.

Episodic memory

LTM-_________________________-Episodic(Experienced Event), Semantic(Knowledge and concepts)

Explicit(declarative)

__________ are memories that are not part of our consciousness. They are memories formed from behaviors. ______________ is also called non-declarative memory.

Implicit memories

LTM-_________________________-Procedural(Skills and action), Emotional Conditioning

Implicit(non-declarative)

______________ is divided into two types: explicit and implicit

Long-term memory

_____________ the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing.

Recalling

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. These stages were first proposed by ____________.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, how to swim the crawl (freestyle) stroke.

Procedural memory

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on recognition to help you choose the correct answer. Here is another example. Let's say you graduated from high school 10 years ago, and you have returned to your hometown for your 10-year reunion. You may not be able to _______ all of your classmates, but you recognize many of them based on their yearbook photos.

Recall

____ is what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues. For example, you would use recall for an essay test.

Recall

_________________ means having to do with language and knowledge about language. An example would be the question "what does argumentative mean?"

Semantic

_______ is the creation of a permanent record of information.

Storage

J. R. ___________ discovered a memory phenomenon in the 1930s: you will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color, which is called the ______________.

Stroop effect

You are driving in your car and a song comes on the radio that you haven't heard in at least 10 years, but you sing along, recalling every word

acoustic encoding

_________ is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic encoding

Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness.

automatic processing

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily.

automatic processing

Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. It involves a process of ________________.

comparison

actual test material you studied

effortful processing

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

essentially limitless

if you are studying for your chemistry exam, the material you are learning will be part of your __.

explicit memory

When you read the words car, dog, and book you created images of these things in your mind. These are concrete, ____ words.

high-imagery

__________ normally appears in adolescence, two children in the United States appear to have memories from well before their tenth birthdays.

hyperthymesia

Material is far better encoded when you make it _____.

meaningful

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered, to move STM into long-term memory is called ____.

memory consolidation

you can recall images (_____) more easily than words alone.

mental pictures

Think of short-term memory as the information you have displayed on your computer screen—a document, a spreadsheet, or a web page. Then, information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory (you save it to your hard drive), or it is discarded (you delete a document or close a web browser). This step of ___.

rehearsal

She's surprised at how quickly she's able to pick up the language after not speaking it for 13 years; this is an example of relearning.

relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as _____.

retrieval

The third form of _____ is relearning

retrieval

Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the ___________.

self-reference effect

__________________ is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.

self-reference effect

It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield

semantic encoding

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _____________.

semantic encoding

Who was the first President of the United States? What is democracy? What is the longest river in the world?

semantic memory

Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called ____________.

working memory