Ch. 8,9, and 12 Review

Penal Institutions

A penal institution is where people are confined for punishment and to protect the public. Dorothea Dix described such institutions as being "confined in this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience". After the war of 1812 reformers from Boston ad New York began to remove the children ad place them into Juvenile Detention centers. Horrible disasters occurred in the Auburn Prison during the year of 1821, many of the 80 men after being locked down in solitary, committed suicide or had experienced severe mental breakdowns. Francis Lieberman, Samuel Gridley Howe and Dix wanted prison libraries, basic literacy, reduction of whipping and beating, commutation of sentences, and the separation of women, children, and the sick. By 1835 America was considered to have 2 of the "best" prisons in the world in Pennsylvania.

American System

After the War of 1812, Americans felt good about themselves. That had beaten the British once again, and they were feeling strong. One of the areas of American life that began to expand was business. British companies had begun to send huge amounts of inexpensive goods to America after the war. American mill owners wanted to sell their goods to Americans rather than have them buy them from Britain, but they were having a hard time competing with the British prices. Henry Clay, a member of the United States House of Representatives, had a plan to aid American businesses. •Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government •Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue •Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks •Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. Steps to America System 1.) A tariff - A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It made European goods more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheaper products made in America. The tariff also made the country money, which would be used to improve things. 2.) A National Bank - The establishment of a national bank that would promote a single currency (money), making trade easier. 3.) Roads and Canals - Improve the transportation system in the country. Henry Clay though that many more roads and canals should be built. These roads and canals would make trade easier and faster for everyone, helping farmers and merchants get their goods to market. Henry Clay hoped the American System would help the United States be able to become independent from Europe.

Missouri Compromise

Agreement put forward by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter the Union as a free state. The Compromise also drew an imaginary line at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, dividing the new Louisiana Territory into two areas, one north and one south. All of the Louisiana Territory north of this line was free territory, meaning that any territories that became states from this area would enable African-Americans to be free. The Compromise also encouraged people in the north to return runaway slaves to their homes and did not prohibit slavery, even in the free territories.

Early 1800s Policy on Indians

Andrew Jackson called Native Americans "savages" because he said that they couldn't adjust civilization amongst them. But there was five tribes who had already adjusted to civilization they were the Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, Chickasaw, and Choctaw together they were known for the "five civilized tribes". They lived in western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. Congress had conceded the power to the federal government to negotiate treaties with the tribes to move westward for white settlement. In 1830 congress passed the Removal Act (with Jackson's approval) an act that financed the relocation of southern tribes into the west. The Cherokee signed a treaty that said that they would grant Georgia for $5 million, and they would get the reservation of west of Mississippi. But most Cherokee's didn't agree to that treaty and they wouldn't leave their houses, so Jackson sent 7,000 soldiers under the command of General Winfield Scott. About 1,000 Cherokee's plus the "five civilized tribes" were force to travel to an Indian reservation which was known as (the great American desert) and later called Oklahoma in the winter of 1838. About 1/8 or more of the emigrants died, and many more suffered. This trail is known as the "trail of tears".

Whig Party

Central government and wanted to restore back national bank also wanted to slow down westward expansion they saw it would rip the nation apart. Whigs favored establishing corporations, and other modernizing institutions. Whigs were strongest among the more substantial merchants and manufactures of the northeast; the wealthier planters of the south. The Whigs worked to develop a popular following by making a connection to a movement called "anti- masonry." The anti-masonry movement had emerged in 1820's in response to wide spread resentment against the secret, exclusive, and hence supposedly undemocratic. Such resentment increased in 1826. After the election of 1840 who won William Henry Harrison and died of sickness, the Whig party faced frustration because the vice president Tyler was democratic. Tyler refused to restore the national bank, he also vetoed internal improvement bills that clay and other Whigs sponsored. The newborn Anti-Masonic party, which opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic Order (force in New York) The Anti-Masons appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly; but since Jackson himself was a Mason and gloried in his membership, it was an anti-Jackson party The Anti-Masons also attracted support from many evangelical Protestant groups seeking to use political power to effect moral and religious reforms

Nullification Doctrine

Constitutional struggle between some states and President Andrew Jackson. The states didn't want to pay the protective tariff that Jackson wanted, and the states claimed the right to "nullify," or declare void the tariff. This would have meant that the states didn't have to pay the tariff. More importantly, it would have meant that the states would have had authority over the federal government in a basic economic matter like the tariff. The states involved withdrew their objection to the tariff, mainly because of yet another compromise bill introduced by Henry Clay. This bill gradually reduced tariffs for 11 years, putting off the nullification question until then. (Supported heavily by Calhoun that stated a state had the right to overrule, or nullify, federal legislation. This could protect the minority against the tyranny of the majority)

Webster-Hayne Debates

Debate over state rights between Hayne of South Carolina and Webster of Massachusetts that began with a resolution to restrict Western land sales and engaged the tariff issue by exploring sectional differences. Hayne believed The north was bringing disunity to which Webster denied. Calhoun revealed his adherence to state's rights while Jackson rejected the ideal of state sovereignity thus Calhoun and Jackson grew apart and Jackson looked to Van Buren. One of the Senate's most important debates, this was fought over decreasing western land sales. It was Senator Samuel Foot of Connecticut's resolution. Westerners viewed it as a scheme for the northeast to maintain their cheap labor.Robert Hayne of South Carolina saw this as an opportunity for the South and West to form a poltical alliance. The South also opposed the curtailing of land sales because they were expanding onto the endless western land. Hayne claimed that states should have the right to control their lands and have the right to set aside federal laws. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts accused the South of attempting to weaken the Union for sole purpose of economic gain. Webster argued that the West and North were usually allied. Webster, a great orator, claimed that the nation was not just a collection of sovereign states but "a popular government...just as the people may choose it." This "second reply to Haynes" made Webster a major figure overnight. The temporary alliance between South and West disappeared for good.

John Marshall

Federalist Chief of Justice, created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court. He took part in all of the court cases that were mentioned in the chapters. (He was the speaker for the Supreme Court.)

William Lloyd Garrison

Garrison was a successful abolitionist, who strongly believed in his philosophy that the opponents of slavery should be able to place themselves in the shoes of a black man, and see things through their point of view. Garrison strongly believed in the universal of abolition of slavery. He believed that abolition should be immediate and he rejected the idea of "gradualism." Garrison's movement was strictly for the purpose of not just ending slavery but also giving African Americans full American citizenship. Garrison founded his own newspaper called the Liberator after his resignation from the moderate Genius of Universal Emancipation. Garrison founded this paper as an antislavery newspaper in Boston. The majority of the Liberator's subscribers were free blacks, who lived dreary, meager and poverty driven lives with no education and with the worst jobs in society. Most free blacks had no idea how to survive in the "white man's" society so many of them would return to their old lives as slaves and others were kidnapped back into slavery. Garrison was also the founder of both the New England Antislavery Society and later after a convention in Philadelphia the American Antislavery Society. Most of the society was made up out of Northerners, and at the time this reform was the greatest at this point in history. The success of the abolitionists was mainly due to its similarity to other reform movements of the time. Most reform movements were calling for unleashing of the individual human spirit, and the elimination of artificial social barriers to fulfillment. These were the goals of many enslaved men and women. Garrisons growing radicalism led to a schism in the American Antislavery society. Garrison began to challenge not only Slavery but also the government itself. He questioned the Constitution and the Church. He called the constitution and agreement with hell. He called the churches safeguards of slavery. What prompted the division was Garrison's sudden interest in women's rights. He asked that women be fully equal. He also became and extreme pacifist and made the society neglect even defensive wars. He also opposed ALL forms of coercion like prisons and asylums. He also was a supporter of the disunion of the South because he saw it as a way to purge the nation of the sin of slavery. The moderates and the Garrisonians came out of the American Antislavery Society. The moderate abolitionists believed that abolition of slavery should be achieved gradually while Garrisonians believed the opposite. The moderate abolitionists wanted to ease the freed blacks into society which would therefore allow them to be slowly presented to society as free citizens therefore be more easily accepted. The moderate abolitionists wanted to persuade slave owners that slavery was sinful, and they hoped to induce the northern states and the federal government to aid the cause.

Education

Horace Mann of Massachusetts led the common school movement or Lyceum movement. In the early 1800's, in which public schools were financed by local property taxes. Mann also emphasized positive reinforcement instead of punishment. Horace was an American education reformer, he also served as a politician in Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827-1833. The common school movement was associated with schools that were meant to serve individuals of all social classes and religions. The school then started to teach religious values and applied Calvinistic philosophies of discipline which included corporal punishment and public humiliation. This time also include the introduction of Kindergarten and gymnasiums

Panic of 1819

In 1819, the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until 1824. The primary cause of the misery seems to have been a change toward more conservative credit policies by the Second Bank of the United States (rechartered in 1816). The wary directors viewed with scorn the unconventional practices of many western banks. The B.U.S. called in its loans, forcing the state banks to do likewise. State loans had been made to land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors were wiped out. Conditions were exacerbated by the influx of large quantities of foreign goods into the American market and the slumping cotton market in the South. Reaction to the Panic depended upon where one lived. Northern manufacturers thought future economic downturns could be avoided by enacting high tariffs that would protect them from foreign competition. Southerners, however, resented the higher prices they had to pay for imports because of the tariff and began a long campaign against those duties, hoping that freer trade would revive the cotton economy. Westerners, taking a still different approach, blamed the bankers and speculators.

Antebellum Feminists

In 1848 a national women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York. The unflinching feminists discussed "social, civil, and religious conditions of women". Most feminists sought to discuss such matters as political and reform concerns, and antislavery. They were Free-Soils party supporters, temperance advocates and congregational friends. Long before they could vote they circulated petitions , attended meetings, marched in parades, delivered public lectures, became active in temperance movements, and the building of asylums. Women wanted to earn the status of "right-bearers" and demanded the right to participate in market revolution. Most well-known antebellum feminists were Dorothea Dix, Sojourner Truth, and Lucy Colman. Dix was a leading advocate of the humane treatment of the insane. In 1834 women of New York organized the Female Moral Reform society which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin to protect the morality of single women. Dixs' efforts influenced 28 states to construct mental hospitals. Women could not vote and if married, they had no right to own property or retain their own earnings. They were also discriminated in the areas of education and employment, not receiving the opportunities that men possessed. This encouraged the development of educational institutions for women. ucretia Mott: 1848, Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, proclaiming a Declaration of Sentiments Months earlier, along with Stanton, they successfully worked for the passage of the New York Married Women's Property Act which recognized women's right to her separate property. - Elizabeth Cady Stanton: She along with Lucretia Mott planned a women's right convention at the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Seneca Falls which sparked the women's movement. She was also active in the fight for abolition and temperance, but was devoted to women's rights. - Seneca Falls, 1848: Under the eye of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, this convention adopted resolutions for women's rights. Among those adopted were a demand for women's suffrage and a diminution of sexual discrimination in education and employment. - Emma Willard: In 1814, Willard established the Middlebury Female Seminary where she devised new innovations in female education. She also established the Troy Female Seminary in 1821. She provided instruction in math and philosophy in which women could not take earlier. She led the fight for educational equality among sexes. - Catherine Beecher: Lyman Beecher's daughter and a militant opponent of female equality, she fought for a profession in which females could be appreciated. With this, she discovered the institution of education in which women could play an important part in. In this profession, women became the main source of teachers. - "Cult of True Womanhood": The alternate ideal of domesticity, this slowed the advance of feminism. Because it sanctioned numerous activities in reform such as temperance and education, it provided women with worthwhile pursuits beyond the family.

Gibbons v. Ogden

In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, the Court strengthened Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. Aaron Ogden had been given the business of transporting passengers across the river between New York and New Jersey by steamboat, upon permission from Livingston and Fulton. Thomas Gibbons, with a license from Congress, began competing with Ogden for the ferry traffic. The question here was: Did "commerce," as defined by the Constitution's commerce clause, include navigation? And did Congress alone or Congress and the states together have the authority to regulate interstate commerce? Marshall replied that "commerce" was a broad term embracing navigation as well as the buying and selling of goods, and he claimed that the power of Congress to regulate such commerce was "complete in itself" and might be "exercised to its utmost extent." This case freed transportation systems from restraints by the states and helped pave the way for unfettered capitalist growth. Southern Republicans use this case to argue that the Marshall Court was not merely interpreting the Constitution but illegitimately changing it.

Killing the Bank

Jackson felt the national bank undermined the rights of states. He determined to destroy the "monster" bank. He decided to remove the government's deposit from the bank. His secretary of treasury wouldn't do it so he fired him and it wasn't until the third secretary; General Roger B. Taney who was willing to do it. Taney began placing government's deposit not in the bank of the United State, as it had in the past, but in a number of state banks (which the Whig's called the "pet bank") he knew his actions were likely to cause financial distress. Financial conditions were affected badly and bank blamed Jackson but Jacksonian's blamed the recession on Biddle and refused to budge. Biddle under stress granted credit in abundance, his vacillating and unpopular tactics ended his chance of winning a recharter of the bank. The bank of the United States died in 1836, the country lost a valuable financial institution and was left with an unstable bank system that affected the economy for more than a century.

Monroe Doctrine

John Quincy Adams wrote it. It declared that European countries couldnt touch the Western hemisphere, and the West wouldnt touch Europe. Mainly just to limit European power and get more trade rights. It didnt really work. Nobody could enforce it and it hurt America a little.

Worcester v. Georgia

Land issues against the native americans. Could Georgia tell the Native Americans to move their land? The final ruling of this was that the state cannot decide anything concerning the Natives, only the federal government can.

Presidency of Jackson

Leading up to his presidency, Jackson's people started traveling around and campaigning for him. However, due to his old senator position, he already pretty much ruled the government. Those things combined made Jackson president. Origionally, Jackson was a states-rights kind of man. That all changed when he got power because he realized the need for the federal government. He still focused on the states, but he had more federalists things too. He also tried to include people who wouldn't have a chance at being in the government to actually joining it. His presidency caused a lot of conflict within the country, the government, and even within his own cabinet. There was also the whole trail of tears thing. He was a bad president morally, but good for the country.

1840 Election

Martin Van Buren was renominated by the Democrats in 1840.The Whigs, hungering for the spoils of office, learned from their mistake in 1836 and the Whigs united behind one candidate, Ohio's William Henry Harrison. The aging hero, was known for his successes against Indians and the British at the Battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames; "Old Tippecanoe" was nominated primarily because he was issueless and enemy-less—a tested recipe for electoral success John Tyler of Virginia was selected as vice-presidential running mate (afterthought) A Democratic editor played directly into Whig hands; stupidly insulting the West, he lampooned Harrison as an impoverished old farmer who should be content with a pension, a log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider (poor westerner's champagne) Harrison won by a surprising close margin in the popular vote but by an overwhelming electoral margin of 234 to 60; Van Buren was washed out of Washington (no real issues) The election of 1840 conclusively demonstrated two major change in American politics since the Era of Good Feelings; the first was the triumph of a populist democratic styles Democracy had been something of a taint in the days of the lordly Federalists. But by the 1840s, aristocracy was the taint, and democracy was respectable; politicians were now forced to unbend and curry favor with the voting masses. The election of 1840 was known as the "first modern election". It also was the first time popular votes are very important for electoral votes. For this reason parties used a lot of money to campaign. Shortest presidency only 30 days, because Williamson Harrison received the pneumonia and died.

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the U.S. Bank. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of implied powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the implied powers of Congress under the Constitution. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

Presidency of John Quincy Adams

Quincy Adams doesn't do much because Jackson hated him for "stealing" the presidency, so Jackson became a big senator and wouldn't let Quincy Adams do anything.

Sectionalism

Sectionalism is loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole. Slavery was particularly sectional issue, dividing the country into North and South to the extent that it led to the Civil War; for the most part, southerners supported slavery and northerners opposed it. The NORTH had better transportation, high rate of economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation, and had agriculture. It also has high birth rate and immigration. North grew wheat.

Peggy - Eaton Affair

She was a bartender at her dads bar. She was very popular among the men. There were rumors of her and Eaton having an affair. Eaton was a general. Her husband was at sea, and eventually died. There were rumors of Eaton killing the husband. Instead of waiting the 2 year mourning period, a week later the couple got married. Jackson supports Eaton because Jackson's wife was accused of adultery. The inner circle of wives believes that she was a *****. Peggy can no longer go to social functions because of these women and John Callhoun. Van Buren supported the Eatons. Calhoun is ordered by Jackson to tell his wife to lay off Peggy, and the wife says no. He later quits and becomes senator. The Eatons end up living happily ever after. This is a big thing for the nullification crisis.

Reforms

Temperance The temperance movement was an attempt to eliminate the evils of alcohol. Mostly the same women involved in the women's rights movement. Led by the American Christian Temperance Union they sought to save the American family by trying to get alcohol declared illegal. They were successful in getting some states to adopt state constitutional amendments banning This movement continued until the passage of the 18th amendment in 1920. Education Led by Horace Mann, the great educational reformer, a movement was led to create mandatory public education in America. It was eventually successful. It was mostly to create more democracy. Treatment of the insane Reformers led by Dorothea Dix led the way to more modern treatment of the mentally ill.

"Era of Good Feelings"

The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System. President James Monroe endeavored to downplay partisan affiliation in making his nominations, with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from national politics. The period is so closely associated with Monroe's presidency (1817-1825) and his administrative goals that his name and the era are virtually synonymous. The designation of the period by historians as one of "good feelings" is often conveyed with irony or skepticism, as the history of the era was one in which the political atmosphere was strained and divisive, especially among factions within the Monroe administration and the Republican Party. The Panic of 1819 brought the "Era of Good Feelings" to an acrimonious end.

Progress in Transportation

The National Road (Cumberland Road) was the first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the federal government. The approximately 620-mile (1,000 km) long National Road provided a connection between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers. When rebuilt in the 1830s, the Cumberland Road became the first road in the U.S. to use the new macadam road surfacing. Despite high tolls, the roads made transportation costs across the mountains lower than ever before. At the same time, on the rivers and the Great Lakes, steam-powered shipping was expanding rapidly. Robert Fulton and Livingston. The War of 1812 had slowed expansion, but within a few years, steamboats were carrying far more cargo on the Mississippi than all the earlier forms of river transport combined. Calhoun promptly introduced a bill that would have used the funds owed the govt by the Bank of the US to finance internal improvements. Congress passed the bill, but Madison vetoed it.

Penny Press

The Penny Press was an important advancement in the printing of newspapers. Before the Penny Press, newspapers were strictly for the upper classes. The newspapers mainly published business news, and others worked as propaganda. Newspapers were way too expensive for the common man to purchase, but thanks to the new technological advancements such as the steam powered cylinder printing press, new machines for making paper, and railroads and canals for distributing issues to a larger market, made it possible to publish newspapers inexpensively, therefore creating a new market for the publishers of newspapers in the middle class. Factors that contributed to the creation of the penny press were new rising popular literacy rates due to the spread of public education, which created an even bigger reading public, the spread of an urban market economy, which created the industrial working class and a modern middle class by drawing workers into large cities where they became an important market for the newspapers. Democracy and the rising numbers of white male voters helped create an appetite for journalism that spoke for the people not just the upper class. The penny press became especially important in the 1840 campaign because it carried news of candidates to a large audience of workers and tradespeople.

"Tariff of Abomination"

The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States in 1828 designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern critics because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. The goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed firstly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and secondly because reducing the importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, would lead to the Nullification Crisis that began in late 1832. The South Carolinian cotton planters were the most effected by the tariff. Their economy was stagnating because of the exhaustion of their soil, which could not compete with the fertile newly opened lands of the southwest. The south Carolinians blamed most of their problems on the tariff which they claimed had to pay for the manufactured goods they could not pay for themselves. Some South Carolinians began to consider succession. Calhoun proposed the theory of nullification as a moderate alternative to secession. Calhoun attacked the new tariff as being unconstitutional and unfair. Calhoun did not ever believe or hope that the theory would be put to the test. He only hoped that it would pressure the federal government to reduce tariff rates. This failed however because he did not have as much influence in the Jackson administration as he thought.

Virginia Dynasty

The Virginia dynasty is a term sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia. The term sometimes excludes George Washington, who, though a Virginia planter, was closely aligned with the policies of the Federalist Party, and was succeeded by his Vice President, John Adams of Massachusetts. The first five presidents were, in order, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The defeat of Adams in 1800 by his Vice President, Thomas Jefferson, who had previously served as Washington's Secretary of State, marked the true beginning of the Virginia Dynasty, which is usually associated with what is now called the Democratic-Republican Party, although it was generally referred to as simply the "Republican" or "Jeffersonian" Party at the time. Jefferson served two terms before retiring, in the Washingtonian precedent, in favor of his Secretary of State, fellow Virginian James Madison, the so-called "Father of the Constitution." Although the War of 1812 greatly weakened Madison's popularity in the Northeast, especially in New England which consequently discussed secession, he was nonetheless re-elected rather easily in 1812 and was able to assist another Virginian who had remained loyal to him and the party, James Monroe, to be elected President in 1816. By the end of Monroe's first term the Federalist Party had essentially disbanded and Monroe was re-elected in 1820 without any real opposition, receiving every electoral vote except one, which went for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams. (Much later a myth arose that the dissenting elector had done so in order that George Washington would be the only president in American history to be elected unanimously.)[1] Monroe's second term marked the end of the Virginia Dynasty. In the election of 1824, supporters of William H. Crawford portrayed him as "the rightful and legitimate successor of the Virginia Dynasty,"[2] but the Democratic-Republican Party splintered. John Quincy Adams won the disputed 1824 election over General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, then considered to be part of the Southwest. After having contributed four of the first five Presidents and their having held office for thirty-two of the first thirty-six years of the constitution, to date four more Virginians have served as President. They are William Henry Harrison, Virginia-born but elected as a resident of Ohio; John Tyler, who was elected Vice President in 1840 as Harrison's running mate, but wound up serving all but the first month of the latter's term after Harrison became the first President to die in office; Zachary Taylor, who made his name as a Kentucky resident; and Woodrow Wilson, who was a Virginia native but was elected President after serving as the president of Princeton University and Governor of New Jersey.

National Bank Charter

The War of 1812 may have stimulated the growth of manufacturing, but it also produced chaos in shipping and banking, and it exposed the inadequacy of the existing transportation and financial systems. After the expiration of the first Bank's charter, state banks had begun operations. They issued vast quantities of bank notes but did not always bother to retain a large enough reserve of gold or silver to redeem the notes on demand. The notes passed from hand to hand more or less as money, but their actual value depended on the reputation of the bank that issued them. Thus there was a wide variety of notes, of widely differing value, in circulation at the same time. Congress decided to deal with the currency problem by chartering the Second Bank of the United States. It was essentially the same institution Hamilton had founded in 1791 except that it had more capital than its predecessor. By law, the Bank was the only place that the federal government could deposit its own funds. Biddle was the president of the bank. Andrew Jackson opposed this bank too! The efforts to renew the Bank's charter put the institution at the center of the general election of 1832, in which BUS president Nicholas Biddle and pro-Bank National Republicans led by Henry Clay clashed with the "soft-money" and "hard-money." The soft-money faction consisted mainly of state bankers and their allies who wanted more currency in circulation and believed that issuing bank notes unsupported by gold and silver was the best way to circulate more currency. The "hard-money" people believed that gold an silver were the only basis for money. They condemned all banks that issued bank notes, including the Bank of The U.S. The soft-money advocated were believers in rapid economic growth and speculation; the hard-money forces embraced older ideas of "public virtue" and looked with suspicion on expansion and speculation. Clay, Webster, and other advisers persuaded Biddle to apply to Congress for a bill to renew the Bank's charter. Jackson of course, vetoed it. Jackson wanted to destroy the "monster" but could not abolish it before its charter expired. Instead, he removed all govt. funds from it and transferred it all to "pet banks." Two secretaries of treasury refused to follow through before Roger Taney complied with the action. Biddle called in loans and raised interest rates, explaining that without the government deposits the Bank's resources were stretched too thin. He hoped a short recession would persuade Congress to recharter the Bank. Both parties blamed each other for the worsening financial conditions. Finally, Biddle contracted credit too far even for his own allies. Biddle at last reversed himself and began to grant credit in abundance and on reasonable terms. His unpopular tactics ended his chances of winning a recharter of the Bank. Jackson had won a considerable political victory. But when the Bank of the US died in 1836, the country lost a valuable financial institution and was left with a fragmented and chronically unstable banking system that would plague the economy for more than a century.

Corrupt Bargain

The election of 1824 had 4 republican candidates running for office: Crawford, Jackson, Clay, and Adams. Crawford, of Georgia, was the former secretary of treasury and the favorite of the extreme states' rights faction of the party. Crawford however was at a slight disadvantage due to his bad health condition. John Quincy Adams was the predestined winner because he was the secretary of state. He however had little popular appeal. Henry clay was a speaker of the house, and the founder of the "American system." Jackson was a common man with no significant political record, even though he had served briefly as a member of the senate. Jackson had the support of many of his home state political allies from Tennessee so he was able to win plurality, however he did not win the majority of popular of electoral votes. Since clay had the fewest amount of votes he was out of the running. Therefore clay had a great influence in the outcome of the vote since he was a Speaker of the House who held 37 electors on his side who would take his advice in selecting a candidate. Clay had his mind set on John Quincy Adams because he believed that since Adams was a nationalist he would support his "American System." Clay opposed Jackson because they were western political rivals, and Jackson was no supporter of Clay's legislative program. After Adam's inauguration into office he appointed Clay as his secretary of state. The Jacksonians were angry about this "corrupt bargain" they believed that the whole election was a fix. They believed that there was some sort of understanding between Clay and Adams there seemed to be no indication of anything corrupt or unusual about it, but it proved to be politically costly for both men.

The Old South and Cotton

The old south was the center of attraction for cotton farmers and mostly because cotton market kept growing fast. Due to this growth of cotton need sol got bad because of overplanting and erosion. So there was a need of expanding and moving west to a zone that became known as the Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi where soil was productive to plant. Expanding west created new states that favored the using of slaves for growing crops creating sectionalism.

Temperance

The period of the temperance movement followed the American Revolution. In the 1800's many Americans drank in excess and soon it bra came a way of life. At first reformers decided to temperate drinking, then by the 1820's they started to advocate for total abstinence of all alcohol. Reformers also pushed to prohibit the sale of liquor in several states. People who took the pledge not to drink were known as the "Cold Water Army". The temperance movement was motivated by a renewed interest in religion also called the Second Great Awakening. It started in states such as New York, Virginia, and Connecticut. In 1826 the American Temperance Society was formed.

Adams-Onis Treaty

The treaty was negotiated by John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State under U.S. President James Monroe, and the Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onís, during the reign of King Ferdinand VII. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America vs. the United States and United Kingdom in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also, during a period of weakening in Spanish power.

Utopian Experiments

The word "utopia" is originally a Greek word for an imaginary place where everyone and everything is perfect. Utopias were created for religious purposes in 1747 by an English woman by the name of Mother Anne Lee. Her followers called themselves "Shakers". They prohibited marriage and sexual relations, and also practiced simplicity, celibacy, common property and equal labor. This group then became virtually extinct by 1940. Robert Owen founded a communal society of about 1,000 people in New Harmony, Indiana in 1825. New Harmony attracted sprinkling of radicals, work-shy theorists and outright scoundrels. In 1841 Brook Farm was established in Massachusetts. It had 200 acres of grudging soil and 20 intellectuals committed to the philosophy of transcendentalism. During the year of 1846 a forest fire burned some of it down. It then cause the "plain living and high thinking" society to collapse into debt. The Brook Farm experiment inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Blithedale Romance. Two years later the Oneida community in New York flourished for 30 years. It was a free love community and practiced "complex marriage".

Fletcher v. Peak

This case caused the Marshall Court to strengthen the inviolability of contracts. This case arose out of a series of notorious land frauds in Georgia. The Court had to decide whether the Georgia legislature of 1796 could rightfully repeal the act of the previous legislature grating lands under shady circumstances to the Yazoo Land Companies. Marshall held that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved.

Henry David Thoreau

Thoreau was an author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He wrote the book Walden and the essay, Resistance to Civil Government. His essay was an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. Walden: Life In The Woods epitomized the quest for isolation from society's corruptions. He believe that he should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time to pursue truth through study and meditation. His works later encouraged and inspired Mahatma Ghandi, Martin Luther King Jr., and other civil rights leaders.

Transcendentalist

Transcendentalists embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between rason and understanding. They believed that reason had little to do with rationality. Transcendentalists believed that the individual should strive to transcend the limits of the intellect and allow the soul's emotions to create an original relation to the universe. Transcendentalist philosophy emerged from a small group of intellectuals in Concord, Massachusetts led by Emerson. Emerson was also a committed nationalist.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819), was a landmark decision from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations. The case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustees, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor. The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State. The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the free American enterprise system. After the Dartmouth decision, many states wanted more control so they passed laws or constitutional amendments giving themselves the general right to alter or revoke at will, which the courts found to be a valid reservation.[3][4] The courts have established, however, that the alteration or revocation of private charters or laws authorizing private charters must be reasonable and cannot cause harm to the members (founders, stockholders, and the like).[5][6][7] The traditional view holds that this case is one of the most important Supreme Court rulings, strengthening the Contract Clause and limiting the power of the States to interfere with private charters, including those of commercial enterprises.

Harrison's Presidency

William Henry Harrison was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated.

Women's Rights, Seneca Falls

Women's Rights. The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. It was organized by a handful of women who were active in the abolition and temperance movements and held July 19-20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York. Intended to call attention to unfair treatment of women, the convention was attended by about 300 people, including about 40 men.

Nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, following the War of 1812, under James Monroe America had a strong feeling of this Support for the national economy from the federal government. Nationalism also had to do with: Tariff of 1816: o First US protective tariff o Before the War of 1812 Congress levied low tariffs on imported goods for the purpose of raising government revenue o American manufacturers prospered without British competition during the war of 1812 o 1816 Congress passed a protective tariff, for the purpose protecting US manufacturers from foreign competition The American System: o Proposed by Henry Clay, a Senator from Kentucky o Three parts: protective tariffs, a national bank and federally funded internal (transportation) improvements o Protective tariffs to protect US manufacturing and provide money for internal improvements o A national bank would benefit the economies of each region by providing a national currency o Tariffs benefited the northeast o Transportation improvements would aid growth in the west and south o 1816: Congress adopted a protective tariff and chartered the Second Bank of the USA (Republicans allowed the charter of the first bank to expire in 1811) o Presidents Madison and Monroe both vetoed Congressional attempts to pay for internal improvements on the grounds that federally funded internal improvements were not included in the Constitution o States were left to make internal improvements on their own