Ch. 9
Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals
major
For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?
Bones
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
Calcium
Select all that apply Which of the following are dietary sources of chromium?
Nuts Organ meats Beer
Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?
Perspiration
Select all that apply Which of the following are major minerals?
Potassium Sodium Calcium
Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
Protein
Which of the following minerals participates in antioxidant reactions?
Selenium
Select all that apply Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?
a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather
Glucose intolerance may be a sign of ______ deficiency.
chromium
Select all that apply Selenium deficiency symptoms include
heart damage. muscle pain and wasting.
Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are
higher than the recommendation.
The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is
obesity
Select the Upper Level for iodine.
1.1 mg/day
The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.
2500
Select the Upper Level for selenium.
400 mcg/day
Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?
45 mg
The body can absorb only about 60% of the water consumed, so athletes should drink about ______ more water than what they lose through sweating.
50%
The RDA for selenium for adult males and nonpregnant females is ___ micrograms.
55
Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.
600
Select all that apply Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?
Calcium Phosphorus Copper
How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?
Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.
The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?
Extracellular
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
True or false: Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities.
False
What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?
Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
Iron
Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?
Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.
What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?
Sodium
Select all that apply Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?
Sodium Potassium Calcium
Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?
Some bottled water actually comes from a municipal tap water supply.
True or false: A copper deficiency will present itself as anemia.
True
True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.
True
True or false: A healthy body weight decreases a person's chance of developing hypertension.
True
Select all that apply Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include
acnelike rash. reduced sense of taste and smell. diarrhea.
The primary function of iron is to
aid in oxygen transportation.
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.
amniotic
How is iron absorbed?
as needed
Sodium ions ______ water.
attract
Which of the following is the best food source of magnesium?
beans
If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?
become depleted in sodium
Select all that apply The functions of fluoride include
blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids. mineralizing tooth enamel.
Where is most of the calcium in the body found?
bones
Select all that apply Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?
cell membrane structure and function protein metabolism and wound healing DNA synthesis and function
The copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood is called
ceruloplasmin.
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should
choose more fruits and vegetables.
Elevated levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol are clinical features of ______ deficiency.
chromium
Many food composition databases lack information regarding ______ content of foods.
chromium
Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.
The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing
diarrhea.
Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.
diuretics
Select all that apply The body loses water through
excretion. perspiration. respiration.
Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.
fluoride
Which of the following is a trace mineral?
fluoride
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.
fluoride
Select all that apply Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste.
There is currently no Upper Level set for potassium because if the kidneys are functioning properly then it would be hard to consume too much potassium from
food.
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
glucose uptake
Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.
go dairy-free
Chromium deficiency may lead to
hyperglycemia
Select all that apply Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for
hypertension. obesity.
Copper toxicity is most likely to occur from
improper use of dietary supplements
Most of the body's potassium is found
inside cells
The fluid contained within a cell is called ______.
intracellular fluid
Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.
iodine
The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?
iodized salt, 1/2 tsp
During the enrichment of refined grain products, ______ is the only mineral added, whereas the other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.
iron
Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?
iron
______ deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.
iron
A magnesium deficiency can cause
irregular heartbeat
Select all that apply Which of the following are good sources of iron?
legumes peas
Iron overload is ______ than iron deficiency.
less common
Potassium does what to blood pressure?
lowers blood pressure
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.
magnesium
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
magnesium
Select all that apply Choose the minerals that are stored in bones and teeth.
magnesium phosphorus calcium fluoride
Select all that apply If water intake exceeds the kidneys' processing ability, _____ and _____ can result.
overhydration sodium dilution in the blood
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is
released from body.
Most adults meet the RDA for ______, consuming an average of 105 micrograms each day, which is almost twice the RDA of 55 micrograms.
selenium
Select all that apply Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?
sick children older adults endurance athletes
Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.
significant
Select all that apply High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
skeletal damage. tooth mottling.
Table salt is chemically known as
sodium chloride
Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?
soy milk
Select all that apply The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
supplements. laxatives. antacids.
Select all that apply Choose the functions of iron.
synthesis of collagen for bone health detoxification of drugs in the liver transportation of carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs for excretion
Select the primary function of iodine.
thyroid hormone synthesis
Select all that apply Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.
to decrease digestive problems following a vegan dietary pattern having lactose intolerance
Select all that apply Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.
Water is lost from the body via several routes. Typically, the largest component of water output is
urine.
Iodine ______ shrink a goiter once it has formed.
will not
Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of zinc?
wound healing DNA synthesis
Select all that apply Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?
yogurt eggs fat-free milk
Intakes of ______ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.
zinc
Select all that apply Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?
Baked potato with skin, 1 medium Acorn squash, 1 cup Plain yogurt, 1 cup
Select all that apply Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity?
Gastrointestinal disturbances Kidney damage Liver damage
Select all that apply Choose factors that influence iron absorption.
Large doses of zinc or calcium decrease iron absorption. Meat, fish, and poultry improve nonheme iron absorption. Acidity improves iron absorption.
Select all that apply Select the functions of copper in the human body.
Metabolism of iron Immune function Part of enzymes
True or false: Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.
True
True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.
True
True or false: Selenium functions as part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
True
True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.
True
For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.
UL
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
The majority of salt present in the American food supply is
added during food processing.
Select the best food source of copper.
beef liver
Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?
calcium
Select all that apply Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant.
cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain mucus lining the lungs saliva in the esophagus
Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.
copper
Ceruloplasmin is a ______-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron.
copper
Choose the mineral that assists in the transport of iron out of intestinal cells, through the blood, and to the bone marrow, where iron is incorporated into hemoglobin.
copper
The mineral _________ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.
copper
Select all that apply Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.
copper iron
Select all that apply If a person chronically consumes more than the UL for zinc, he or she may experience which of the following?
decreased HDL nausea and vomiting immune dysfunction
It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.
die
Because thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate and promote growth and development throughout the body, ______ adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism.
iodine
Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.
iron
Select all that apply A selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?
muscle pain heart damage muscle wasting
With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.
nutrient-dense
An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.
zinc
Approximately 200 enzymes require ______ as a cofactor for activity.
zinc
Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.
water
Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?
Cottage cheese
What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?
Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis
True or false: Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.
False
Salt is 40% ______ and 60% ______.
sodium; chloride
A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.
solvent
A ___________ is a liquid in which other materials dissolve forming a solution.
solvent
Select all that apply Select the sources of fluoride.
tea seaweed fluoridated water
Select all that apply What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?
the concentration of solutes in the body fluids blood pressure
Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as __________ minerals.
trace
Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as _____________ minerals.
trace
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
trace mineral