Ch. 9

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals

major

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

Bones

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

Calcium

Select all that apply Which of the following are dietary sources of chromium?

Nuts Organ meats Beer

Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?

Perspiration

Select all that apply Which of the following are major minerals?

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?

Protein

Which of the following minerals participates in antioxidant reactions?

Selenium

Select all that apply Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?

a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather

Glucose intolerance may be a sign of ______ deficiency.

chromium

Select all that apply Selenium deficiency symptoms include

heart damage. muscle pain and wasting.

Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are

higher than the recommendation.

The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is

obesity

Select the Upper Level for iodine.

1.1 mg/day

The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.

2500

Select the Upper Level for selenium.

400 mcg/day

Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?

45 mg

The body can absorb only about 60% of the water consumed, so athletes should drink about ______ more water than what they lose through sweating.

50%

The RDA for selenium for adult males and nonpregnant females is ___ micrograms.

55

Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.

600

Select all that apply Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?

Calcium Phosphorus Copper

How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?

Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.

The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?

Extracellular

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

True or false: Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities.

False

What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?

Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

Iron

Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?

Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.

What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?

Sodium

Select all that apply Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

Sodium Potassium Calcium

Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?

Some bottled water actually comes from a municipal tap water supply.

True or false: A copper deficiency will present itself as anemia.

True

True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.

True

True or false: A healthy body weight decreases a person's chance of developing hypertension.

True

Select all that apply Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include

acnelike rash. reduced sense of taste and smell. diarrhea.

The primary function of iron is to

aid in oxygen transportation.

The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.

amniotic

How is iron absorbed?

as needed

Sodium ions ______ water.

attract

Which of the following is the best food source of magnesium?

beans

If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?

become depleted in sodium

Select all that apply The functions of fluoride include

blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids. mineralizing tooth enamel.

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

bones

Select all that apply Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?

cell membrane structure and function protein metabolism and wound healing DNA synthesis and function

The copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood is called

ceruloplasmin.

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables.

Elevated levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol are clinical features of ______ deficiency.

chromium

Many food composition databases lack information regarding ______ content of foods.

chromium

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea.

Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.

diuretics

Select all that apply The body loses water through

excretion. perspiration. respiration.

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

fluoride

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Select all that apply Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste.

There is currently no Upper Level set for potassium because if the kidneys are functioning properly then it would be hard to consume too much potassium from

food.

Which of the following is a function of chromium?

glucose uptake

Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.

go dairy-free

Chromium deficiency may lead to

hyperglycemia

Select all that apply Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for

hypertension. obesity.

Copper toxicity is most likely to occur from

improper use of dietary supplements

Most of the body's potassium is found

inside cells

The fluid contained within a cell is called ______.

intracellular fluid

Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.

iodine

The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.

iodine

Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?

iodized salt, 1/2 tsp

During the enrichment of refined grain products, ______ is the only mineral added, whereas the other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.

iron

Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?

iron

______ deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

iron

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat

Select all that apply Which of the following are good sources of iron?

legumes peas

Iron overload is ______ than iron deficiency.

less common

Potassium does what to blood pressure?

lowers blood pressure

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Select all that apply Choose the minerals that are stored in bones and teeth.

magnesium phosphorus calcium fluoride

Select all that apply If water intake exceeds the kidneys' processing ability, _____ and _____ can result.

overhydration sodium dilution in the blood

As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is

released from body.

Most adults meet the RDA for ______, consuming an average of 105 micrograms each day, which is almost twice the RDA of 55 micrograms.

selenium

Select all that apply Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?

sick children older adults endurance athletes

Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.

significant

Select all that apply High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

skeletal damage. tooth mottling.

Table salt is chemically known as

sodium chloride

Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?

soy milk

Select all that apply The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

supplements. laxatives. antacids.

Select all that apply Choose the functions of iron.

synthesis of collagen for bone health detoxification of drugs in the liver transportation of carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs for excretion

Select the primary function of iodine.

thyroid hormone synthesis

Select all that apply Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.

to decrease digestive problems following a vegan dietary pattern having lactose intolerance

Select all that apply Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.

Water is lost from the body via several routes. Typically, the largest component of water output is

urine.

Iodine ______ shrink a goiter once it has formed.

will not

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of zinc?

wound healing DNA synthesis

Select all that apply Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?

yogurt eggs fat-free milk

Intakes of ______ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.

zinc

Select all that apply Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?

Baked potato with skin, 1 medium Acorn squash, 1 cup Plain yogurt, 1 cup

Select all that apply Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity?

Gastrointestinal disturbances Kidney damage Liver damage

Select all that apply Choose factors that influence iron absorption.

Large doses of zinc or calcium decrease iron absorption. Meat, fish, and poultry improve nonheme iron absorption. Acidity improves iron absorption.

Select all that apply Select the functions of copper in the human body.

Metabolism of iron Immune function Part of enzymes

True or false: Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.

True

True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.

True

True or false: Selenium functions as part of an antioxidant enzyme system.

True

True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.

True

For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.

UL

Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

The majority of salt present in the American food supply is

added during food processing.

Select the best food source of copper.

beef liver

Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?

calcium

Select all that apply Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant.

cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain mucus lining the lungs saliva in the esophagus

Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.

copper

Ceruloplasmin is a ______-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron.

copper

Choose the mineral that assists in the transport of iron out of intestinal cells, through the blood, and to the bone marrow, where iron is incorporated into hemoglobin.

copper

The mineral _________ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.

copper

Select all that apply Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.

copper iron

Select all that apply If a person chronically consumes more than the UL for zinc, he or she may experience which of the following?

decreased HDL nausea and vomiting immune dysfunction

It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.

die

Because thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate and promote growth and development throughout the body, ______ adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism.

iodine

Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.

iron

Select all that apply A selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?

muscle pain heart damage muscle wasting

With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.

nutrient-dense

An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.

zinc

Approximately 200 enzymes require ______ as a cofactor for activity.

zinc

Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.

water

Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?

Cottage cheese

What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?

Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis

True or false: Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.

False

Salt is 40% ______ and 60% ______.

sodium; chloride

A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.

solvent

A ___________ is a liquid in which other materials dissolve forming a solution.

solvent

Select all that apply Select the sources of fluoride.

tea seaweed fluoridated water

Select all that apply What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?

the concentration of solutes in the body fluids blood pressure

Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as __________ minerals.

trace

Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as _____________ minerals.

trace

What type of nutrient is fluoride?

trace mineral