Ch. 9 Nutrition

Maple syrup urine disease

cannot metabolize isoleucine, leucine, and valine infants develop vomiting, seizures, coma and death

1840

composition of carbs, fats, and proteins are discovered

Complex carbs

contain 3+ sugars (starches, fiber)

hypoglycemia

deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream

Kwashiorkor (too little protein)

growth failure muscle loss decreased immunity weakening of heart and respiratory system death

vitamin C

helps in iron absorption and transport, wound healing, antioxidant

400 BCE

in eastern medicine, liver is squeezed into the eye to treat eye disease

Essential fatty acids

omega-3 and omega-6

amino acids

one of the building blocks of proteins; 20 common amino acids are found in foods

Calcium

responsible for bone health, nerve function, clotting, BP may have a role in maintaining weight

Insulin

signals to the liver to store glucose as glycogen promotes synthesis of fatty acids

essential nutrients

substances the body must get form foods because it cannot manufacture them at all or fast enough to meet its needs. These nutrients include proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals, and water.

essential minerals

- 17 - 7 macro minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride - 10 trace minerals: chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodide, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc

Importance of water

- dehydration - bathes cells - aids in fluid and electrolyte balance - transports molecules and cells - major component of blood

1912

- rats fed butter were healthier than rats fed lard - vitamins are discovered

Energy in food is expressed as kilocalories

1 kilocalorie = amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 liter of fluid 1C

How much water does an average male need a day?

12-13 glasses

Vitamins (fat and water soluble)

13 vitamins: 4 fat soluble: A,D, E, and K 9 Water soluble: C and 8 B-complex vitamins, thiamin (b1), biboflavin (b2), niacin (b3), pyridoxine (b6), folate, b-12, and pantotheric acid

How many essential nutrients

45

How much water does an average female need a day?

9-10 glasses

How much fiber?

Minimum of 20 grams daily

how many amino acids are there

28

Omega-3

anti-inflammatory properties help reduce heart disease

Plumpy nut (too little protein)

fortified peanut butter

Indication of hunger

ghrelin

RDI

recommended daily intake of vitamins and minerals (micronutrients)

How many calories per gram of carbs

4

How many calories per gram of protein

4

1747

British sailors became known as "Limey's"

Glycemic index

a measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels

Pathogen

a microorganism that causes disease

glucose

a simple sugar that is the body's basic fuel

glycogen

a starch stored in the liver and muscles

antioxidant

a substance that can reduce the breakdown of food or body constituents by free radicals; the actions of antioxidants include binding oxygen, donating electrons to free radicals, and repairing damage to molecules

cholesterol

a waxy substance in the blood and cells, needed for synthesis of cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones

Proteins are broken down into ________ _________

amino acids

1930

amino acids are discovered

Micronutrient

an essential nutrient required by the body in minute amounts

Sugar

are broken down into glucose for energy

saturated fats

come from animal fats

Unsaturated fats

come from nuts and veggies

11 Non-essential amino acids

cysteine tyrosine alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid glutamic acid glutamine

soluble fiber

fiber that dissolves in water or is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine oat bran, dried beans, and some fruits and veggies

insoluble fiber

fiber that does not dissolve in water and is not broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. found in bran, whole-grain breads and cereal, and most fruits and veggies

Complete protein

foods contain the 9 essential amino acids. typically animal products contain complete protein

Incomplete proteins

foods from plant sources (however, it is possible to use a combo of plant sources to obtain all 9 essential proteins)

Simple carbs

fructose corn or grape sugar sucrose

Complimentary proteins

grains, legumes, seeds and nuts, and other veggies (leafy greens and broccoli)

minerals (inorganic compounds)

helps to regulate body functions, aid in growth, maintenance of body tissues, and a catalyst for energy release

9 essential amino acids

histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methioneine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine

PKU (phenylketonuria)

inability to metabolize phenylalanine cannot have aspartame (protein metabolism disorder)

minerals

inorganic compounds needed in relatively small amounts for regulation, growth, and maintenance of body tissues and functions

Type 1 diabetes

insulin deficiency

Type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance

vitamin D

involved in bone and Ca-Ph metabolism, BP, insulin sensitivity, and weight

iron

is linked to anemia - low blood hemoglobin

Indication of saiety

leptin

Glycemic load

low = 10- medium = 11-19 high = 20+

Omega-6

lower blood cholesterol supports the skin

vitamin A

maintenance of proper vision, bone and tooth formation, immunity, and cancer protection

Examples of complete proteins

meat fish fowl eggs dairy

nutrition

the science of food and how the body uses it in health and disease

Fats (lipids)

vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function (nerve function)

How fat is transported

LDL (low-density lipoproteins) - carry cholesterol from the liver and plaque formation HDL (high-density lipoproteins) - scavenges cholesterol

free radical

an electron-seeking compound that can react with fats, proteins, and DNA, damaging cell membranes and mutating genes in its search for electrons; produced through chemical reactions in the body and by exposure to environmental factors such as sunlight and tobacco smoke

Macronutrients

an essential nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts

Protein

an essential nutrient that forms important parts of the body's main structures (muscles and bones) as well as blood, enzymes, hormones, and cell membranes; also provides energy

Carbohydrates

an essential nutrient, required for energy for cells; sugars, starches, and dietary fiber are all carbohydrates

How many calories per gram of fat

9

1897

brown rice could cure beriberi (Vitamin B1, thiamine)

common deficiencies

calcium vitamin a vitamin c iron

vitamins

carbon-containing substances needed in small amounts to help promote and regulate chemical reactions and processes in the body

Fat as a nutrient

energy source part of cell membranes estrogen, testosterone, Vitamin D are made from cholesterol influences how muscle responds to insulin

9 of the 20 combos of amino acids are known as _______________ ________ _______

essential amino acids

non-essentials

glycine serine proline taurine

essential amino acids

must be obtained from diet, the other 11 combos are produced naturally by the body

Fiber

the indigestible portion of plant foods that helps move foods through the digestive system