Ch. 9 Nutrition
Maple syrup urine disease
cannot metabolize isoleucine, leucine, and valine infants develop vomiting, seizures, coma and death
1840
composition of carbs, fats, and proteins are discovered
Complex carbs
contain 3+ sugars (starches, fiber)
hypoglycemia
deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream
Kwashiorkor (too little protein)
growth failure muscle loss decreased immunity weakening of heart and respiratory system death
vitamin C
helps in iron absorption and transport, wound healing, antioxidant
400 BCE
in eastern medicine, liver is squeezed into the eye to treat eye disease
Essential fatty acids
omega-3 and omega-6
amino acids
one of the building blocks of proteins; 20 common amino acids are found in foods
Calcium
responsible for bone health, nerve function, clotting, BP may have a role in maintaining weight
Insulin
signals to the liver to store glucose as glycogen promotes synthesis of fatty acids
essential nutrients
substances the body must get form foods because it cannot manufacture them at all or fast enough to meet its needs. These nutrients include proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals, and water.
essential minerals
- 17 - 7 macro minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride - 10 trace minerals: chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodide, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc
Importance of water
- dehydration - bathes cells - aids in fluid and electrolyte balance - transports molecules and cells - major component of blood
1912
- rats fed butter were healthier than rats fed lard - vitamins are discovered
Energy in food is expressed as kilocalories
1 kilocalorie = amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 liter of fluid 1C
How much water does an average male need a day?
12-13 glasses
Vitamins (fat and water soluble)
13 vitamins: 4 fat soluble: A,D, E, and K 9 Water soluble: C and 8 B-complex vitamins, thiamin (b1), biboflavin (b2), niacin (b3), pyridoxine (b6), folate, b-12, and pantotheric acid
How many essential nutrients
45
How much water does an average female need a day?
9-10 glasses
How much fiber?
Minimum of 20 grams daily
how many amino acids are there
28
Omega-3
anti-inflammatory properties help reduce heart disease
Plumpy nut (too little protein)
fortified peanut butter
Indication of hunger
ghrelin
RDI
recommended daily intake of vitamins and minerals (micronutrients)
How many calories per gram of carbs
4
How many calories per gram of protein
4
1747
British sailors became known as "Limey's"
Glycemic index
a measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels
Pathogen
a microorganism that causes disease
glucose
a simple sugar that is the body's basic fuel
glycogen
a starch stored in the liver and muscles
antioxidant
a substance that can reduce the breakdown of food or body constituents by free radicals; the actions of antioxidants include binding oxygen, donating electrons to free radicals, and repairing damage to molecules
cholesterol
a waxy substance in the blood and cells, needed for synthesis of cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones
Proteins are broken down into ________ _________
amino acids
1930
amino acids are discovered
Micronutrient
an essential nutrient required by the body in minute amounts
Sugar
are broken down into glucose for energy
saturated fats
come from animal fats
Unsaturated fats
come from nuts and veggies
11 Non-essential amino acids
cysteine tyrosine alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid glutamic acid glutamine
soluble fiber
fiber that dissolves in water or is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine oat bran, dried beans, and some fruits and veggies
insoluble fiber
fiber that does not dissolve in water and is not broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. found in bran, whole-grain breads and cereal, and most fruits and veggies
Complete protein
foods contain the 9 essential amino acids. typically animal products contain complete protein
Incomplete proteins
foods from plant sources (however, it is possible to use a combo of plant sources to obtain all 9 essential proteins)
Simple carbs
fructose corn or grape sugar sucrose
Complimentary proteins
grains, legumes, seeds and nuts, and other veggies (leafy greens and broccoli)
minerals (inorganic compounds)
helps to regulate body functions, aid in growth, maintenance of body tissues, and a catalyst for energy release
9 essential amino acids
histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methioneine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine
PKU (phenylketonuria)
inability to metabolize phenylalanine cannot have aspartame (protein metabolism disorder)
minerals
inorganic compounds needed in relatively small amounts for regulation, growth, and maintenance of body tissues and functions
Type 1 diabetes
insulin deficiency
Type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
vitamin D
involved in bone and Ca-Ph metabolism, BP, insulin sensitivity, and weight
iron
is linked to anemia - low blood hemoglobin
Indication of saiety
leptin
Glycemic load
low = 10- medium = 11-19 high = 20+
Omega-6
lower blood cholesterol supports the skin
vitamin A
maintenance of proper vision, bone and tooth formation, immunity, and cancer protection
Examples of complete proteins
meat fish fowl eggs dairy
nutrition
the science of food and how the body uses it in health and disease
Fats (lipids)
vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function (nerve function)
How fat is transported
LDL (low-density lipoproteins) - carry cholesterol from the liver and plaque formation HDL (high-density lipoproteins) - scavenges cholesterol
free radical
an electron-seeking compound that can react with fats, proteins, and DNA, damaging cell membranes and mutating genes in its search for electrons; produced through chemical reactions in the body and by exposure to environmental factors such as sunlight and tobacco smoke
Macronutrients
an essential nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts
Protein
an essential nutrient that forms important parts of the body's main structures (muscles and bones) as well as blood, enzymes, hormones, and cell membranes; also provides energy
Carbohydrates
an essential nutrient, required for energy for cells; sugars, starches, and dietary fiber are all carbohydrates
How many calories per gram of fat
9
1897
brown rice could cure beriberi (Vitamin B1, thiamine)
common deficiencies
calcium vitamin a vitamin c iron
vitamins
carbon-containing substances needed in small amounts to help promote and regulate chemical reactions and processes in the body
Fat as a nutrient
energy source part of cell membranes estrogen, testosterone, Vitamin D are made from cholesterol influences how muscle responds to insulin
9 of the 20 combos of amino acids are known as _______________ ________ _______
essential amino acids
non-essentials
glycine serine proline taurine
essential amino acids
must be obtained from diet, the other 11 combos are produced naturally by the body
Fiber
the indigestible portion of plant foods that helps move foods through the digestive system