Ch.11 Into to Org Molecules and Functional groups (LS & HW)
Linear
# of Bonds: 2 # of Lone Pairs: 0 # of Charge Clouds: 2 Bond Angle: 180°
What is a functional group?
An atom or group of atoms w/ characteristic physical and chemical properties.
Organic chemistry is the study of compunds that contain the element _________.
Carbon
What is a carbonyl group?
Contains a double bond, a Carbon and Oxygen atom, and occurs in several organic functional groups.
Def. Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a function of the tendency of an atom in a bond to attract electrons. Measures how much a particular atom "wants" the electron density in a bond.
Nonpolar
Electronegativity is balanced and cancels out.
A ______ bond is formed when two atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together.
Nonpolar covalent
A molecule such as carbon tetrachloride, which has four polar C-Cl bonds symmetrically arranged in a tetrahedral shape, is ______.
Nonpolar. There must be an overall difference in electronegativity across the entire molecule for the molecule to be polar. Identical polar bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement will cancel each other.
If the individual bond dipoles in a molecule are equal in magnitude and the opposite in direction, the molecule is __________.
Nonpolar. There must be an overall difference in electronegativity across the entire molecule for the molecule to be polar. Opposing bonds of equal polarity will cancel.
Physical properties of organic compounds
Organic compounds have lower melting points than ionic compounds. Organic compounds are composed of covalent bonds.
Amine
R-NH2
Ether
R-O-R
___________ structures are used for organic compunds containing both rings and chains of atoms.
Skeletal
Explain VSEPR Theory
The most stable arrangement keeps the atoms AND lone pairs of electrons as far away from each other as possible.
Factor(s) that determine the overall polarity of a molecule
The polarity of the individual bonds, and the overall shape of the molecule. A molecule must first have polar bonds to be a polar molecule. The molecule must be a shape whereby the direction of the polar bonds do not act to cancel each other out.
The general rule for solubility is ________.
"Like dissolves like" Ex. A polar molecule is only soluble in a polar solvent. Ex. A nonpolar molecule is only soluble in a nonpolar solvent.
Bent (3 Charge Clouds)
# of Bonds: 2 # of Lone Pairs: 1 # of Charge Clouds: 3 Bond Angle: 120°
Bent (4 Charge Clouds)
# of Bonds: 2 # of Lone Pairs: 2 # of Charge Clouds: 4 Bond Angle: <<109°
Planar triangular (Trigonal Planar)
# of Bonds: 3 # of Lone Pairs: 0 # of Charge Clouds: 3 Bond Angle: 120°
Pyramidal (Trigonal Pyramid))
# of Bonds: 3 # of Lone Pairs: 1 # of Charge Clouds: 4 Bond Angle: <109°
Tetrahedral
# of Bonds: 4 # of Lone Pairs: 0 # of Charge Clouds: 4 Bond Angle: 109°
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only the elements _______ and _________.
Carbon & Hydrogen
What types of covalent bonds that can be found between carbon atoms in organic compunds?
Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
Long chains of atoms are best represented by ___________.
Condensed structures
Which are ways to draw a shorthand representations of the structure of an organic molecule?
Condensed structures and Skeletal structures
Inorganic compound characteristics.
Ionic compounds are solid at room temp and are typically soluble in water.
MTBE is a small polar organic molecule that has been used as an additive in gasoline. What correctly describes MTBE?
MTBE is water soluble. Water is polar and so is MTBE. Like dissolves like.
What statements involving PCBs is correct?
PCBs are found in all types of fish and birds.
A ______ bond is formed when carbon shares electrons w/ oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen.
Polar covalent. The electronegativity difference between these elements makes this a polar covalent bond.
Correct statements
Polar organic compounds may form hydrogen bonds w/ water. Small polar organic compounds containing nitrogen or oxygen are soluble in water.
What are considered organic compunds?
Proteins, Enzymes, Sugar, Lipids, DNA, Vitamins,Plastic, Paper, Wool, Cotton.
Alcohol
R-OH
Thiol
R-SH
alkyl halide
R-X
Ring structures are best represented by _______.
Skeletal structures
Which are ways to draw a shorthand representation of the structure of an organic molecule?
Skeletal structures (Image), and Condensed structures (formula)
What is Skeletal structure/ formula?
Skeletal structures are used to represent molecules w/ chains of carbon atoms or rings structures.
While ionic compunds are generally solids at room temperature, what states of matter are organic compunds?
Solid, liquid and gas.
Organic compound characteristics.
Some are flammable. Contain covalent bonds. Exist as solids, liquids, and gases at room temp.
Important rules for drawing skeletal structures.
Assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line. Assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds. Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to them.
Which functional groups contain a carbon-oxygen double bond?
Esters, Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes, Ketone and Amides
Organic compunds may also contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a _________.
Heteroatom
Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have ______ melting points compared to molecules with weaker intermolecular forces.
Higher. Stronger intermolecular forces = Higher melting point.
what correctly describes solubility of organic compounds?
Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents. Most organic compounds are insoluble in water. Meaning that most organic compounds are nonpolar.
Which is molecule is most likely to be represented using a condensed structure? Correct: B
Most used for compunds w/ long chains of carbon atoms.
Polar
There is an imbalance of electronegativity.
The geometry around a carbon atom surrounded by three atoms and no lone pairs of electrons is __________.
Trigonal planar.