Ch.17- Blood
What is hematocrit?
"Blood Fraction"- The amount of red blood cells in blood sample.
What are the 3 different causes of anemia?
1. Hemorrhagic anemia- Too much blood is lost Not enough red blood cells circulating; not enough oxygen gets to cells fast enough 2. Decreased erythrocyte production- Not enough red blood cells are made Caused by multiple factors: Iron deficiency Pernicious anemia (unable to absorb vitamin B12) Renal anemia (kidneys unable to make EPO) Aplastic anemia (red bone marrow is destroyed) 3. Hemolytic- Red blood cells are destroyed faster than they are being replaced May rupture or lyse on their own Are destroyed because they were not correctly made in the first place (genetic factor) Thallassemia's anemia Sickle-cell anemia
What are the functions of blood?
1. Transport- deliver oxygen & nutrients to body cells, transport carbon dioxide & waste products to elimination sites & hormones from endocrine organs to target organs. 2. Regulation- Body temp, pH in body tissues, & fluid volumes. 3. Protection- Prevent blood loss & infection.
What is sickle-cell anemia caused by? What effect does it have?
Abnormal hemoglobin shape (HbS) causes red blood cells to become spiky and sharp. This causes the RBC to rupture easily and stick together forming a clot in small blood vessels; rich reduces oxygen flow to cells
What does antithrombin III activate?
Antithrombin III inactivates any thrombin not bound to fibrin
What does aspirin inhibit?
Aspirin inhibits thromboxane A2
Contain "anti-a" antibody in plasma
B
Contain antigen "b" on RBC surface
B
Can receive type B blood
B, AB
Why do clots no form in the blood under normal circumstances?
Blood is moving too quickly for clotting factors to come into contact with one another and start the clotting cascade process
Where are many RBC's broken down?
Broken down by macrophages within the spleen
Why is an embolism bad?
Called embolism when embolus gets stuck in a small enough blood vessel (different place than where clot formed originally) Caused by conditions that roughen the blood vessel endothelium or slowly flowing blood (clotting factors accumulate) Embolisms block the flow of oxygen to tissues
Defend against large parasitic worms
Eosinophils
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
Why is fibrinolysis important?
Fibrinolysis is the process that breaks down blood clots after the blood vessel wall has been rebuilt It prevents blood vessels from being blocked permanently
What is the first cell involved in hematopoiesis?
First cell is called hematopoietic stem cell
Platelets come from which cell?
Fragments of megakaryocytes
What is hemostasis?
Hemostasis: stopping blood Response is fast, localized, and carefully controlled Involves many clotting factors
What does heparin inhibit?
Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin (so heparin indirectly inhibits thrombin)
If 2 non-compatible blood types are mixed, what will occur?
Immune reaction occurs: the recipient's plasma antibodies will attack the donor's red blood cells Agglutination occurs; clogs small blood vessels; oxygen flow is decreased. May also cause RBC to rupture which releases hemoglobin; may cause kidney damage
What element does the heme group contain? What does it bind to?
Iron (Fe), Oxygen binds to the heme group.
What happens to the iron core?
Iron core is saved and stored for reuse
What are some diseases associated with too little leukocytes?
Leukopenias: decreased leukocytes Neutropenia: decreased neutrophils Caused by chemotherapy medication or immune dysfunction Lymphocytopenia: decreased lymphocytes Caused by inherited immune deficiency, infectious diseases, chemotherapy medications, immune dysfunction
Associated most with lymphoid tissue
Lymphocytes
May become B cell
Lymphocytes
May become T cell
Lymphocytes
What are the average volumes of blood?
Males: 5-6L, Females: 4-5L
Why is albumin important?
Most abundant protein. Carries different molecules blood buffer. Maintain plasma osmotic pressure, helps maintain fluid levels in blood vessels.
Contain no antigens on RBC surface
O
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Occurs in red bone marrow
What is anemia?
Occurs when blood is not carrying enough oxygen to support normal metabolism (activity of cells) Symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, pale and chilled skin
What is one benefit of being a carrier of sickle-cell anemia?
One benefit is that is allows carriers of the gene to be resistant to malaria
What color is oxygen rich blood? Oxygen poor blood?
Oxygen Rich= Scarlet, bright red. Oxygen Poor= Maroon, dark red.
Which protein breaks down fibrin?
Plasmin breaks down fibrin
What does hematopoiesis mean?
Process of creating new blood cells
What does erythropoietin stimulate? Where is it made?
Production of red blood cells, Kidneys
where does leukopoiesis occur? What is it stimulated by?
Red bone marrow Interleukins and CSFs (colony stimulating factors)
After platelets contract and pull on the vessel wall, they release what product? What does this help do?
Release PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor It helps rebuild the blood vessel wall
In erythropoiesis what is the last cell called before it becomes an erythrocyte? What vitamin is required for this process?
Reticulocyte, Vitamin B12
What is used to help replace blood volume? Does this replace the oxygen-carrying capacity of lost red blood cells?
Saline or any isotonic solution (compared to blood plasma) can be given to replace blood volume This does not involve red blood cells, so it DOES NOT replace the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
How can liver damage affect blood clotting?
The liver is responsible for making clotting factors. So if the liver is not working, clotting factors will not be made and the clotting process will be unable to occur.
What is polycythemia?
Too many red blood cells are made Hematocrit is increased which increases blood viscosity (may impair circulation) Secondary polycythemia occurs when less oxygen is available; therefore EPO production increases
What is the function of erythrocytes? What do they NOT contain?
Transport Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide. They DO NOT contain nucleus or organelles.
What are the 3 general steps to hemostasis?
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
What does warfarin inhibit?
Warfarin blocks vitamin K from being used; certain clotting factors are unable to be made
Leukocytes are also called _________. They make up ________ of the total blood volume. They are able to leave the bloodstream and enter damaged tissue by the process of ________. They are able to find the specific damaged tissue by _________. Leukocytosis occurs when there are greater than _______ cells/ul of blood.
White blood cells 1% diapedesis positive chemotaxis 11,000
Which of the following describes neutrophils ? a. Attack bacteria b. Type of granulocyte leukocyte c. make up 25% of white blood cells d. Originate in the yellow bone marrow e. Release histamine
a. Attack bacteria
Once platelets have become activated, they begin ______. This forms a ______ seal in the vessel wall. Chemicals released from platelets include ________ , ______, and ______. The platelet plug formation is an example of a ______ feedback cycle.
aggregating temporary ADP, Serotonin, thromboxane A2 Positive
Which of the following is TRUE concerning red blood cell formation? a. Red blood cells are able to survive for a couple of years b. A decreased red blood cell count can stimulate the kidneys to release EPO c. Erythrocytes are converted into reticulocytes d. Very few red blood cells are made each day
b. A decreased red blood cell count can stimulate the kidneys to release EPO.
Most rare WBC
basophil
Release histamine
basophils
Which of the following is FALSE concerning coagulation? a. Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes b. Anticoagulants like antithrombin III and heparin inhibit thrombin c. Hemophilia occurs when there is an increase in coagulation d. The second step of the blood clotting process is the formation of the platelet plug
c Hemophilia occurs hone there is an increase in coagulation
What is thrombus?
clots that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Which of the following is FALSE? a. Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet, bright red color b. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin shape c. Red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen d. Polycythemia is a decrease in red blood cells
d. Polycythemia is a decrease in red blood cells
What is thrombocytopenia?
deficient number of platelets Causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body
If you have type B blood, you can receive which type of blood? a. B blood b. A blood c. AB blood d. O blood e. Both a & d f. both c & d
e. Both a & d
One prothrombin activator is made, what is the next product that is made? a. Plasmin b. Thromboxane A2 c. PDGF d. Fibrin e. Thrombin
e. Thrombin
involved in allergies and asthma
eosinophils
Another name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
Largest WBC
monocyte
May become macrophages
monocytes
activate lymphocytes
monocytes
phagocytize viruses and bacteria
monocytes
Defend agains bacteria
neutrophil
Defend against fungi
neutrophil
Most numerous WBC
neutrophil
What is hemophilia?
severe hereditary bleeding disorders; unable to clot properly Certain clotting factors are not made Small cut can be dangerous
What specific step in the hemostasis pathway does aspirin inhibit?
specifically blocks step 2: platelet plug formation
How long do RBC's survive in the body?
100-120 days
How long does it take to complete the clotting process?
3-6 minutes Most time is spent creating prothrombin activator
Percentage of Erythrocytes in blood?
45%
Percentage of Plasma in blood?
55%
What is the pH of blood? Is it alkaline or acidic?
7.35-7.45. Slightly Alkaline.
Are most Americans considered Rh+ or Rh- ?
85% Rh+
Percentage of Buffy Coat in blood?
<1%
Contain "anti-b" antibody in plasma
A
Contain antigen "a" on RBC surface
A
Can receive type A blood
A, AB
Contain both antigen "a" & "b" on RBC surface
AB
Contain no antibodies in plasma
AB
Universal acceptor
AB
Damaged blood vessels respond to injury by ______________________. This _________________________ blood flow.
vasoconstriction decreases
What are the 3 components of the "formed elements" ? Which are complete cells?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes & platelets. Leukocytes are complete cells.
What is the heme group broken down into? Where do those components go?
Heme groups is broken down into bilirubin (Liver picks up bilirubin and converts it into bile; bile is secreted into intestines; then bile is converted into another pigment and excreted from the body)
What is the major protein found in an erythrocyte?
Hemoglobin (Hb)
What are some diseases associated with overproduction of leukocytes?
Leukemia: overproduction of nonfunctional leukocytes Causes severe anemia and bleeding problems, fever, weight loss, and bone pain Infectious Mononucleosis "Mono": excessive lymphocytes produced Caused by Epstein-Barr virus Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low-grade fever
What makes up most of plasma? What is also found in plasma?
Mostly water, Also made up of 100 different dissolved solutes: proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products.
What is needed for erythrocyte formation?
Nutrients and structural material (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates) Vitamin B12 Iron
Contain both "anti-a" & "anti-b" antibody in plasma
O
Universal donor
O
Which hormones regulate Megakaryocytic production? Why are they important?
Regulated by hormone thrombopoietin Essential for clotting process
All of the following are found inside a red blood cell except? a. Hemoglobin b. Iron c. Nucleus d. Heme group
c. Nucleus
What is Embolus?
clot that breaks free from blood vessel wall and is traveling in the bloodstream
If the damage is very large coagulation or "blood clotting" may occur. This whole process involves substances called _____________. Many of these are produced in the _______________ and require ____________. The slowest step in the clotting cascade is the synthesis of ____________. Once this is made, it causes the synthesis of ______________. This causes the synthesis of _____________. This product forms the cross-linked fibrin mesh substance. Factors that inhibit any of these steps from occurring are called _______________.
clotting factors liver, vitamin K prothrombin activator throbin fibrin anticoagulant
Are antibodies found on the surface of a RBC or in the blood plasma?
found in the blood plasma
Are antigens found on the surface of a RBC or in the blood plasma?
found on the surface of a RBC (will determine the blood type)