ch.22

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.

True

True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.

True

What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? A. 0.4 B. 80 C. 0.5 D. 0.1

A. 0.4

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? A. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. B. A rabbit that is housebroken. C. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. D. A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual.

A. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? A. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce. B. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. C. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. D. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

A. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

What is true of microevolution? A. It is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations. B. It is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species. C. It is evolution that is restricted to individual organisms. D. It is evolution that influences only a small subset of the populations that comprise a species. E. It is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype.

A. It is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations.

What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? A. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3. B. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.7. C. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.1. D. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.5.

A. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3.

Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model? A. Allele frequencies, number of individuals in the population B. Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings C. Allele frequencies, phenotype frequencies D. Allele frequencies in a subset of the population

B. Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? A. Evolution B.Heritability C. Adaptation D. Fitness

B. Heritability

How does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation? A. It helps individual organisms make a greater contribution to the gene pool of the next generation. B. It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes. C. It fosters the exchange of genes between different populations. D. It restricts the gene pool by chance events such as floods or other catastrophic events. E. It allows the frequency of a recessive allele in a population to be predicted under certain conditions.

B. It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? A. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells. B. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host. C. Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells.

B. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? A. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps. B. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. C. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. D. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

B. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

Which of the following statements is NOT a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? A. If allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, then genotype frequencies will be given by p 2, 2pq, and q 2 for generation after generation. B. The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two. C. When alleles are transmitted according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance, their frequencies do not change over time. D. Even if allele A1 is dominant to allele A2 , it does not increase in frequency.

B. The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? A. Evolution B.Heritability C. Adaptation D. Fitness

C. Adaptation

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? A. Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. B. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. C. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. D. Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

C. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? A. Small hen, small rooster B. Small hen, large rooster C. Large hen, large rooster D. Large hen, small rooster

C. Large hen, large rooster

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? A. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. B. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. C. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. D. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution.

C. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

An adaptation is _____. A. a trait that gives rise to a new species B. the cause of natural selection C. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment D. an individual's attempt to conform to its environment E. all of the above

C. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____. A. the population size is large B. the environment is changing at a relatively slow rate C. all individual variation is due only to environmental factors D. the population lives in a habitat without competing species present

C. all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? A. bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo B. bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish C. bones in the flipper of a whale D. chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly

C. bones in the flipper of a whale

Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population? A. Selection B. Genetic drift C. Mutation D. Nonrandom mating

C. mutation

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. A. the organisms in the Galapagos had been specially created to thrive in that environment B. all island species should be similar to each other C. organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species D. the shape of a bird's beak does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce E. none of the above

C. organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species

Charles Darwin _____. A. eagerly published his theory before it was well-developed B. was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms C. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution D. was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve E. proposed that unused parts of the body deteriorate

C. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies? A. Inbreeding B. Mutation C. Selection D. There is no evolutionary force that results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies.

C. selection

The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because _____. A. it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations B. it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines C.it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above is correct.

D. it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? A. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor. B. It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. C. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. D. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

D. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? A. Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. B. Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. C. Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. D. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. E. The first and fourth answers are correct.

E. Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. A. developed in response to the use of methicillin B. already existed in the population before methicillin was developed C. always have an advantage in every environment D. were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections E. The second and fourth answers are correct.

E. already existed in the population before methicillin was developed were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections

The original source of all genetic variation is _____. A. independent assortment B. natural selection C. sexual reproduction D. recombination E. mutation

E. mutation

the four postulates of natural selection

ariation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool. A. immigration B.sexual reproduction C. sexual selection D. genetic drift E. mutation

sexual reproduction