Ch.32 The Great Depression and The New Deal

Father Charles Coughlin

"Microphone messiah" catholic priest, broadcaster, anti-semetic, fascist, National Union for Social Justice

relief

- putting people to work - people cant generate economic growth without money, these programs put people to work

Hundred Days

After banking holiday and inauguration, March 9-June 16, 1933, during this period they legislation was created and a series of initiatives to Congress.

Francis Perkins

Americas first female cabinet member

Mary McLeod Bethune

Director of the Office of Minority Affairs in National Youth Administration

Robert F. Wagner

Strong supporter of FDR, sponsored three major laws: the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the Social Security Act of 1935, and the Housing Act of 1937

Discuss the political components of the "Roosevelt coalition" formed in the 1930s. What did the New Deal offer to the diverse elements of this coalition?

The coalition was a group of supporters of FDR. They were voters and interest groups in the New Deal and change for the country. The coalition offered opportunities to individuals of all working class, race, or ethnicity,

1932 election

fdr beats hoover lame duck period after fdr is elected, law in place to make it sooner

1936

fdr is very popular, landslide win

Fair Labor Standards Act

federal Minimum wage, overtime pay, and record keeping (relief, recovery, and reform) - 40 hr work week, child labor restricitions

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Tackle important problems facing the valley like flooding, cheap electricity, government funded (reform)

Roosevelt Coalition

what people are going to get elected, who is going to vote for you, what groups of people are you going to bring together to vote for you - FDR brings farmers and organized labor, people of color switching from rep. to dem.

Civil Works Admin

- (recovery/relief) - creates manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers

Social Security Act

Created social security and insurance against unemployment, saving for retirement, (reform)

Keynesianism

FDR took advice from John Mayard Keynes, a British economist. The government's money would be used to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending - cash infusion into economy, gets it moving again, alrge scale gov spending

What qualities did FDR bring to the presidency, and how did he display them during the New Deal years? What particular role did Eleanor Roosevelt play in FDR's political success?

FDR was a leader and very close with the public, he would speak directly to them on fireside chats over the radio and talk to them honestly. He also remained strong after developing polio, never showing his weaknesses and inability to walk. Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most influential first ladies. Together her and FDR brought together their best qualities and were a great team. She would also travel when FDR was unable and better her husband's presidency.

1st term

unemployement went up, putting money into economy, not putting taxes up

Tennessee Valley Authority

- (reform) - tackle important problems facing the valley - ex: flooding, cheap electricity - scared people about socialism

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

- Boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses, paid farmers subsidies (relief) - unconstitutional

FDR

- Democrat, born wealthy, had polio - Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression - instituted the New Deal - he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

- Eliminate cut throat competition, bringing industry, labor, and government together, creating codes for fair practice (relief) - labor gets rights - manage economy across the country - ask business and workers to be paid only enough to keep their comp. running so everyone can make it through the depression

End of New deal was Court Packing

- FDR helps end Great Depression but WW2 actually ends it - Begins Roosevelt Recession

Eleanor Roosevelt

- FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter - supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws - women - FDR's conscious - Traveled with FDR, most influential first lady

recovery

- bring the economy out of depression

reform

- fixing structure and institutions of our economy to get us out the depression - fixing the system so it doesn't happen again

National Youth Admin

- focused on providing work/ed. for americans between 16-25 - relief

Federal Emergency Relief Admin

- immediate relief - distribute $ in federal funds to state agencies - ex: money for soup kitchens - Harry Hopkins (relief)

Emergency banking relief act

- invested president with the power to regulate transactions and foreign exchange (relief)

Women

- job discrimination

African Americans

- job discrimination, thought to be less entitled - Mary McLeod Bethune

Public Works Admin

- large scale construction - build dams, hospitals, schools - Harold Ickes (relief)

Farm Credit Admin

- lower interested loans/mortgages to prevent foreclosure for farmers

2nd term

- needs to raise taxes, social security act, cutting back on programs before economy is ready= Roosevelt Recession (double dip)

Resettlement Admin

- recovery and relief - relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by federal gov - collective bargaining

Home Owners Loan Corporation

- refinance federal deposit insurance corp. which insured deposits up to $5k (relief)

Federal Securities Act/Securities and Exchange Commission

- reform - used to regulate stock market, took power away from states, put into hands of federal gov.

New Deal

3 R's relief, recovery and reform

Glass Steagall Banking Reform Act

Created federal deposit insurance corporations which insured deposits up to $5,000 (relief, recovery, reform)

How did the early New Deal legislation attempt to achieve the three goals of relief, recovery, and reform?

During the 100 Days, FDR was able to create a lot of new legislation to immediately help the public and the nation. Throughout the entire new deal it creates more jobs, stabilized the economy, immediate and long term positive effects surrounding the individual, regulation and more.

Court-packing plan

FDR proposed to allow him to add liberal justices for every member over 70 who wouldn't retire, but it would be bad for the system of checks and balances

How did Roosevelt's program develop such an appeal for the "forgotten man," and why did the New Deal arouse such opposition from conservatives, including those on the Supreme Court?

FDR reached out to the people directly. He used Fireside Chats and the New Deal to reassure the country during this difficult time and great depression. He placed priority on the common man. The New Deal was also very radical, new and fast paced which the conservatives did not like but the country was open too as a whole.

Harry L. Hopkins

Head of FERA (Federal Relief Emergency Administration), NY social worker, advisor of FDR

Was the New Deal essentially a conservative attempt to save American capitalism from collapse, a radical change in traditional American anti-government beliefs, or a moderate liberal response to a unique crisis?

I believe the New Deal was a radical change to help recover our nation from a great depression and overcome economic collapse. FDR created the New Deal and the legislation that followed to create relief, recovery, and reform to bring back what our country was and prepare for the future. Even though not every piece of legislation or act worked, he created many new policies that did and did so quickly.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided employment to poor young men, reforestation, fire prevention, flood (relief and reform)

Francis E. Townsend

Retired California physcian, promised everyone over 60, $200 a month, Townsend Plan

Wagner Act (NLRB)

Rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions (relief, recovery, and reform) - CIO benefit

Huey P. (Kingfish) Long

Share Our Wealth Plan, families receive $5000, killed 1935

Do you think the New Deal went too far or not far enough? Why?

Though there were some flaws regarding FDR's power as well amount of legislation produced so quickly. The New Deal helped our country in many ways creating new jobs, homes, and giving back to the unemployed and poverty stricken society. It created immediate relief as well as long term benefits preparing us for the future.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Union of organized workers that eventually split from the AFL

Democrats

embrace civil rights southern white dem leaves and goes to republican party

How was the New Deal a culmination of the era of progressive reform, and how did it differ from the pre-World War I progressive era?

progressive: gov needs to step in a little, Ex: food new deal: gov helped people during depression and time of need both: some people did not want us to cross into socialism, didn't want gov to participate too much progressive: reform new deal: depression both: protect us from capitalism

Brain Trust

Many of Roosevelt's speeches were written by them, small group of reform minded young college professors, "kitchen cabinet"

Dust Bowl

Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Texas affected by soil erosion caused by windstorms in the early 1930s, many people moved to Southern California (Grapes of Wrath)