Ch:4
Eukaryotic cells are much more complex than prokaryotic cells. What is the main reason for that? -Because metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized. -Because eukaryotic cells have proteins that interact with DNA. -Because eukaryotic cells have larger ribosomes.
Because metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
The flattened stacks of membrane typical of the Golgi apparatus are called which of the following? -Cisternae -Vacuoles -Vesicles -Lamins
Cisternae
______________are the instruments used to magnify and visualize cells and cellular components.
Microscopes
Which of the following cytoskeletal elements are made up of α-and β-tubulin subunits? -Actin filaments -Microtubules -Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
____________ are the largest cytoskeletal elements are responsible for moving materials within a cell.
Microtubules
Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells. -Microtubules -Myosin -Dynein/Dynactin complexes -Actin
Microtubules Actin
Digestion of substances taken into the cell, break down of macromolecules in the cell, and autophagy are all performed by organelles called________________.
lysosomes
Cyanobacteria have folds in their___________ _____________ which contain the necessary pigments for photosynthesis.
plasma membrane
Each granum of a chloroplast contains a few to several dozen -cristae. -matrices. -thylakoids. -mitochondria.
thylakoids
The__________ are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.
thylakoids
Specialized compartments that can function in water balance and storage of useful molecules and waste products are called -lysosomes. -mitochondria. -nuclei. -vacuoles.
vacuoles
Small sacs that store and transport a variety of materials are called .
vesicles
As a cell's size increases,its________increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
volume
List the variables that affect the rate of diffusion through the plasma membrane. -Concentration gradient of substance -Surface area -Distance of diffusion -Temperature -The amount of ATP in the cell
-Concentration gradient of substance -Surface area -Distance of diffusion -Temperature
What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants? -Storage of pigments -Synthesis of proteins -Waste storage -Synthesis of lipids
-Storage of pigments -Waste storage
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside of the cell's nucleus? -Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes -Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called centromeres -Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
-Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
Click and drag on elements in order Arrange the steps of protein transport through the endomembrane system into the correct order (start at the top). 1.transport vesicles 2.proteins are modified 3.proteins are packaged 4. proteins are released
1.transport vesicles 2.proteins are modified 3.proteins are packaged 4. proteins are released
Due to the limited resolution of the human eye, microscopes are needed to visualize points as two separate objects if they are closer than which of the following? -100um -10000um -1000um
100um
If the radius of the cell increases by 10 times,then surface area will increase by____________ times and the volume will increase by_________times.
100x,1000x
The digestive enzymes in the lysosomes are optimally active at which of the following pH ranges? -Neutral -Either acidic or basic -Basic -Acidic
Acidic
During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used? -Microtubules -Actin -Intermediate filaments
Actin
Which of the following are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction and crawling? -Actin filaments -Microtubules -Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments
Which of the following are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction and crawling? -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules -Actin filaments
Actin filaments
Select the organisms that contain chloroplasts. -Animals -Bacteria -Algae -Archaea -Plants
Algae Plants
Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory? -Cells are the smaller units of life. -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. -All cells are replaced. -New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division.
All cells are replaced
Which of the following bacterial structures is rigid and found outside the plasma membrane? -Cell wall -Nucleoid -Capsule -Ribosome
Cell wall
Which of the following are the main points of the cell theory? -Cells are the smallest living things. -All living organisms are composed of at least 2 cells. -Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest living things,Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell,All the living organisma are composed of one or more cells
Which structure is involved in eukaryotic cell division?
Centrosome
Select all that apply Indicate the functions of the Golgi apparatus. -Breaking down proteins and old organelles -Synthesizing proteins on ribosomes -Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell -Packaging molecules into transport vesicles -Modifying and packaging proteins
Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell Packaging molecules into transport vesicles Modifying and packaging proteins
These membrane-bound structures prevent excess water buildup in some protists by expanding as water enters the cell, contracting, and expelling their contents to the exterior of the cell. Glyoxysomes Contractile vacuole Lysosomes Peroxisomes Food vacuole
Contractile vacuole
Which of the following is the the most important factor that limits the size of cells? -Amount of mitochondria needed to satisfy the cell's energy needs -Amount of DNA to code for all the cell's proteins -Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell -Rate of protein synthesis in the cell
Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
During cell division, cell-wall deposition is influenced by ______. -FtsZ proteins -MreB proteins
FtsZ proteins
Large vacuoles are characteristic of which two types of cells? -Plant cells -Animal cells -Bacterial cells -Fungal cells
Fungal cells
Which is found in all cells? -Genetic material -Cytoplasm -Plasma membrane -Mitochondria -Ribosomes
Genetic material Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Ribosomes
During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture light energy and synthesize which of the following organic molecules? -Nucleic acids -Glucose -Fatty acids -Amino acids
Glucose
Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the__________ ________________.
Golgi apparatus
This organelle consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment. -Golgi apparatus -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -Rough endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles are part of the endomembrane system? -Golgi apparatus -Chloroplasts -Endoplasmic reticulum -Nucleus
Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum
Select problems faced by larger cells compared to smaller cells. -Slower synthesis of macromolecules -Greater production of wastes -Higher energy requirments -The need to produce more macromolecules -Slower generation of energy
Greater production of wastes Higher energy requirments The need to produce more macromolecules
The space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion is known as the ____________space.
Intermembrane or inter membrane
The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell is which of the following structures? -Nucleus -Endoplasmic reticulum -Mitochondrion -Ribosome
Nucleus
Which of the following is the main function of the mitochondria? -Shipping and packaging of proteins -Oxidative metabolism -Synthesis of plasma membrane lipids -Synthesis of microtubules
Oxidative metabolism
Of the following choices, the presence of which would definitively identify a cell as prokaryotic? -Nucleus -Pili -Ribosomes -Cell Wall -Flagella
Pili
Which of the following structures are only found in prokaryotic cells (choose all that apply)? -Cell wall -Plasma membrane -Ribosomes -Pili -Nucleoid
Pili Nucleoid
In the cyanobacterium, Prochloron, the bacterial pigments associated with photosynthesis are located in which of the following structures? -Chloroplast -Nuclear membrane -Cytoplasm -Plasma membrane
Plama membrane
Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells? -Bacteria -Plant -Animal -Prokaryotes
Plant Animal
The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for which of the following locations? -Plasma membrane -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Nucleus -Vacuoles
Plasma membrane Lysosomes Vacuoles
Which of the following are similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts (choose all that apply)? -Presence of DNA -Presence of protein synthesizing ribosomes -Lack of ribosomes -Surrounded by a single membrane
Presence of DNA Presence of protein synthesizing ribosomes
DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in which of the following? -Eukaryotes only -Multicellular organisms only -Prokaryotes only -Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Ribosomes are necessary to manufacture which of the following molecules? -Cholesterol -Proteins -Lipids -DNA -Carbohydrates
Proteins
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is composed of which component? -Nucleic acids -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Lipids
Proteins
(use the 3 initials) is the nucleic acid manufactured in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores.
RNA
Which of the following molecules are manufactured in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and enter the cytoplasm by way of the nuclear pores? -RNA and DNA -DNA -RNA -RNA-protein complexes
RNA RNA-protein complexes
_______________is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points.
Resolution
The production of proteins is achieved by which of the following structures? -Nucleus -Plasma membrane -Nucleolus -Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Which of the following is found in all cells? -Golgi apparatus -Mitochondria -Ribosomes -Nucleus
Ribosomes
Which of the following structures of the endomembrane system is not matched properly? -Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+ storage -Golgi apparatus: protein secretion and sorting -Nuclear envelope: allows access to and from the nucleus -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid synthesis -lysosomes: degradation of organic molecules
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:Ca+2 storage
What organelle in liver cells produces enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules? -Mitochondria -Rough ER -Vacuoles -Smooth ER
Smooth ER
Identify the functions of cell vacuoles. -Storage -Synthesis -Water balance -Segregation of waste
Storage Water balance Segregation of waste
The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes? -Storage of water, ions, and pigments -Synthesis of lipids -Degradation of macromolecules -Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Storage of water,ions,and pigments
What does the mitochondrial matrix refer to? -The numerous contiguous layers of the inner membrane -The space between the inner and outer membranes -The compartment inside of the inner membrane
The compartment inside of the inner membrane
An organism made up of relatively small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells because the rate at which transport of molecules occurs depends on which of the following? -Only the distance to the membrane -The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane -Only the area of membrane
The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane
An organism made up of relatively small cells has an advantage over an organism composed of fewer, larger cells because the rate at which transport of molecules occurs depends on which of the following? -The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane -Only the area of membrane -Only the distance to the membrane
The distance to the membrane and the area of membrane
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between a cell's surface area and its volume? -The smaller the cell,the larger its surface area-to-volume ratio is -Regardless of their size,all cells have roughly the same surface area-to-volume ratio -The smaller the cell,the smaller its surface area-to-volume is
The smaller the cell,the larger its surface area-to-volume ratio is
Which of these is not a variable that affects the rate of diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane? -Surface area -Concentration gradient of substance -Distance of diffusion -Temperature -The volume of the cell
The volume of the cell
The purpose of a compound light microscope can best be described as which of the following? -To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components -To allow the visualization of atoms and molecules -To allow the visualization of enzymes during biochemical processes
To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components
True or false: Chloroplasts are the organelles that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
True
The nuclear envelope is composed of which of the following? -A bilayer of phospholipids -A single layer of phospholipids -Two bilayers of phospholipids
Two bilayers of phospholipids
Which of the following cells are macroscopic? -Viruses -Prokaryotes -Vertebrate eggs
Vertebrate eggs
Which of the following is a cell type that can be seen without the aid of a microscope? -Animal cells -Prokaryote -Plant cells -Vertebrate eggs
Vertebrate eggs
In plants, photosynthesis occurs in semiautonomous organelles called_____________.
chloroplasts
Plants and algae contain organelles called__________.Pigments in those organelles allow these organisms to perform photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called_______________.
cristae
The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called_________________.
cristae
The internal scaffolding of eukaryotic cells is termed the
cytoskeleton
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the____________of substances into and out of the cell.
diffusion
Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called________________,in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.
endosymbiotic
True or false:Prokaryotes lack cytoskeletal elements.
false
Another term for actin filament is_________________.
microfilament
Another term for actin filaments is____________
microfillaments or microfilament
Centrosomes, also called_______________ -organizing centers, are important for cell division in animals.
microtubule
The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the _______________ and _______________.
mitochondria chloroplasts
The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the_________________ _____________________.
nuclear envelope
Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the_________ region.
nucleoid
Ribosomal assembly areas in the nucleus are the _____________.
nucleoli
Prokaryotes lack a__________,which houses the DNA in eukaryotes.
nucleous
Most on the DNA in a eukaryote cell is found in a structure called the______________.
nucleus
Ribosomes are responsible for_____________synthesis in the cell.
protein or polypeptide
Structure called_____________are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the sites of polypeptide synthesis.
ribosomes
Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting are characteristic of the_________________ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Functions that include steroid synthesis and assembly of membrane lipids are characteristic of the_____________ endoplasmic reticulum.
smooth
In liver cells, enzymes located in the_________ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules.
smooth
The most common alteration made in the Golgi body is addition or modification of short ______ chains. -protein -lipid -DNA -sugar
sugar
