Ch.4 Abdomen

Gonadal shield is impossible for which; female or male, of the lower abdominal region.

females

The medical prefix for stomach is

gastro

Polyp

growth inside the intestines

What is the double walled membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum

Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

pneumoperitoneum

Which decubitus position best demonstrates possible aneurysms, calcifications of the aorta, or umbilical hernias?

Dorsal decub

What is the gonadal dose range for an average-size male patient w/ an AP projection of the abdomen?

1 to 5 mrad

What are the % of gallstones being composed of calcium and will look like an artifact in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

15%

Thin crest-shaped radiolucency underneath diaphragm

Pneumoperitoneum

The pancreas is located anteriorly or posteriorly to the stomach?

Posteriorly

What are the two large muscles that are found in the posterior abdomen adjacent to the lumbar vertebra and are usually visible on an anteroposterior (AP) radiograph

Psoas muscles

Which one of the following abdominal regions contains the rectum?

Pubic

A radiograph of an AP abdomen revels that the left iliac wing is more narrowed than the right. What specific positioning error caused this?

RPO; patient was rotated into a slight posterior oblique

Mesentary

Double of peritoneum that connects small bile to the posterior abdomen. (helps hold small intestine into place)

True or False: The correct term for the radiographic study of the urinary system is intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

False

The central ray is centered to the level of the ________ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen.

Iliac crest

What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

omentum

double fold peritoneum between two organs

To ensure that the diaphragm is included on the erect abdomen projection, the central ray should be at the level of _____ the top of the image receptor should be at the approximate level of the ____

2 inches above the crest axilla (armpit)

When using automatic exposure control (AEC) systems, which ionization chamber(s) should be activated for an average to large size patient when performing an AP projection of the abdomen?

2 outercells and center cell

What is the gonadal dose range for an average-size female patient w/ an AP projection of the abdomen?

35 to 75 mrad

exposure factors would be most ideal for an AP abdomen of a small adult

60 mAs,grid, 40 in SID

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Ascites

Which type of body habitus may require two lengthwise images to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included?

Asthenic

What are the two causes of voluntary motion?

Breathing and patient movement

Chronic imflammation of the intestinal wall that may result in bowel obstruction

Chrons disease

Visceral peritoneum

Covers the aorta

a patient with a history of ascites comes to the radiology department. which one of the following positions best demonstrates this condition?

Erect PA chest

Exposure for an AP projection of the abdomen should be taken on ___. (inspiration or expiration)

Expiration

True or False: Because the liver margin is visible in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is not necessary to place a right or left IR marker on the cassette before exposure.

False

True or False: For an adult abdomen, a collimation margin must be visible on all four sides of the radiograph.

False; you can't collimate on adults

Which of the following generates the largest gonadal dose?

Female AP abdomen

Which one of the following structures is a double fold of peritoneum that connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach?

Greater omentum (fatty apron)

Which body habitus may require two crosswise images to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included?

Hypersthenic

Which portion of the small intestine is considered to be the longest?

Ileum; it is 3/4 of the intestines

Rotation can be determined on a KUB radiograph by the loss of symmetric appearance of:

Iliac wings Ischial spines Outer rib margin Obturator Foremen

Which topographic landmark is found at the level of L2-L3?

Inferior coastal margin

Telescoping of a section of bowel into another loop of bowel

Intussception

Which positioning routine should be used for an acute abdominal series if the patient is too ill to stand?

KUB supine or left lateral decub

What are the common projections performed for an acute abdominal series or three-way abdomen series:

KUB-Flat Upright KUB PA chest or 2 inches above the crest

Retroperiotoneum Organs (behind)

Kidneys Duodenum Adrenal glands Pancreas Ascending & descending colon

Why may the PA projection of a KUB generally be less desirable than the AP projection?

Kidneys are closer to IR on AP; less SID

The iliac crest is at what level of the vertebra?

L4-L5

Which position best demonstrates a possible aortic aneurysm in the prevertebral region of the abdomen?

Lateral

Which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intraperitoneal air in the abdomen?

Left lateral decubitus

intraperitoneum organs (within)

Liver Spleen Transverse colon Stomach

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Liver, gallbladder, & pancreas (teeth, tongue, salivary glands)

A structure that helps stabilize and support the small intestine

Mesentary

A kUB radiograph reveals that the symphysis pubis was cut off along the bottom of the image. IS this an acceptable radiograph? If it is not, how can this problem be prevented?

No, because the pubic symphisis should be in the image to see where the bladder is.

Which one of the following projections involves a KV setting of 110 to 120?

PA, erect chest for free air under diaphragm

Which of the following abdominal structures is NOT VISIBLE on well exposed KUB?

Pancreas

Bowel obstruction caused by a lack of intestinal peristalsis

Paralytic ileus

What is the primary cause for involuntary motion in the abdomen?

Peristosis (use short exposure time)

The organs located posteriorly to, or behind, the serous membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity are referred to as

Retroperitoneum

The large intestine begins in the ________ quadrant with a sacklike area called the _______

Right lower ; cecum

Folsiform ligament

Separates right from left.

What is the best mechanism to control involuntary motion?

Short exposure time

Why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimun of 5 minutes before exposure?

So air/fluid separate

Which one of the following organs is not directly associated with the digestive system?

Spleen

Which organ is considered to be part of the lymphatic system?

Spleen

why is the right kidney found in a more inferior position than the left kidney?

The presence of the liver

True or False: A larger patient recieves a greater amount of skin dose midline as compared with a smaller patient during an AP projection of the abdomen.

True

True or False: A radiolucent pad should be placed underneath geriatric patients for added comfort

True

True or False: A tall asthenic patient may require two 14x17 inch image receptors placed lengthwise if the entire abdomen is to be included

True

The preferred imaging modality for examining the gallbladder quickly is:

Ultrasound

What is used to elvaluate patient with acute appendicitis(sudden onset)?

Ultrasound

What is the correct name for abdominal region found directly in the middle of the abdomen?

Umbilical

Which position of the 3 way acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm?

Upright positions

Infraperitoneum organs (below)

Urinary bladder Ovaries Testes

A twisting of a loop of bowel creating an obstruction

Volvulus

deguitissum

act of swallowing

Which endocrine glands are superomedial (above/middle) to each kidney?

adrenal gland (superrenal gland)

General abdominal haziness

ascites

bolus

ball of food

greater omentum

between the stomach and transverse colon; made of fat (fatty apron)

Ileum

blockage in small intestine

lesser omentum

connects stomach and liver

The sigmoid colon is located between the _______ and _____ of the large intestine.

descending and rectum

Gonadal shielding should not be used during abdomen radiography if ____

it obscures essential anatomy

With topographic landmark corresponds to the inferior margin of the abdomen and is formed by the anterior junction of the two pelvic bones?

pubic symphysis

Inflammatory condition of the colon

ulcerative colitis

Chyme

where the ball of food comes from