Ch.7-The Skeletal System(partial)

Summarize both endochondral & intramembranous bone formation.

*Endochondral- Starts with bones as miniature pieces of hyaline cartilage that eventually ossify into bone. This is the most common type of ossification. *Intramembranous- Starts with bones as layers connective tissue that slowly ossify.

Name a few examples of both endochondral and intramembranous bones.

*Endochondral- long bones of arms, legs, & ribs *Intramembranous- Skull, clavicles, sternum, & some facial bones

Give evidence as to how bones protect internal structures by citing examples.

*Lower limbs, pelvis, & vertebrae support our body weight *Skull bones protect the brain, eyes, & ears *Ribs protect heart & lungs

What are the functions of sinuses?

*Reduce the weight of the skull *Increase the intensity of the voice (louder)

Differentiate between scoliosis, kyphosis, & lordosis.

*Scoliosis-abnormal curvature, puts 1 shoulder or hip lower than other--could displace organs "S" Shaped *Kyphosis- hunchback *Lordosis- accentuated lumbar curvature--swayback

What are the 4 functions of bone?

*Support & protect softer tissues *Provide points of attachment for muscles *Make blood *Store inorganic salts

There are __1___ pair of ribs connected to the breastbone or __2___.

1. 12 2. sternum

The facial skeleton has ___1___ bones, only __2__can move the __3___ or lower jawbone.

1. 14 2. 1 3. mandible

The skeleton is divided into ___1___ portions: the __2___ skeleton & the __3___ skeleton. Each has 4 divisions. The 4 divisions of the (2) skeleton are the __4___, ___5__ bone, the __6___, & the __7___. The (3) skeleton is made of the __8___ girdle, the ___9___ limb, the __10___ girdle & the __11___ limb.

1. 2 2. axial 3. appendicular 4. skull 5. hyoid 6. vertebral column 7. thoracic cage 8. pectoral 9. upper 10. pelvic 11. lower

The human skull has ___1__ bones, only __2__ of which is movable.

1. 22 2. 1

It takes __1___ fused vertebrae to make the sacrum & ___2___ to make the coccyx or tailbone.

1. 5 2. 4

There are 3 types of vertebrae ___1____ make up the neck, ___2____ vertebrae make up the back & ___3____ vertebrae make up the lower back.

1. 7 cervical 2. 12 thoracic 3. 5 lumbar

The cranium includes ___1___ bones. There is 1 ___2___ bone that makes up the forehead, 2 __3___ bones that make the side/roof of the cranium and they are fused to the (2) bone along the __4___ suture while being fused to each other along the __5____ suture. There is 1 ___6__ bone that makes the back of the head who is fused to the parietals along the ___7___ suture. There are 2 ___8___ bones that make up the side of the head fused to the parietal bones along the ___9___ suture. There is 1 very large wing-like ___10___bone that forms the bottom of the eyes, & 1 __11__ bone that forms the back of the orbitals.

1. 8 2. frontal 3. parietal 4. coronal 5. sagittal 6. occipital 7. lambdoidal 8. temporal 9. squamous 10. spehnoid 11. ethmoid

Vitamin __1___ is needed to absorb __2___ for strong bones. If children lack the vitamin they end up with __3___, if adults lack it they end up with ___4____. We need Vitamin A for __5___ & ___6___ to work while we need Vitamin C to make ___7____.

1. D 2. Calcium 3. rickets 4. osteomalacia 5. osteoblasts 6. osteoclasts 7. collagen

___1___ is a net-like connective tissue found in the __2____ cavity of long bones. There are 2 colors: ____3___ makes blood and ___4___ makes adipose. Most of an infant's bones contain ___5__ marrow, in adults its found in smaller bones like ___6___, ___7___, & ___8___. ___9___ marrow is found in the long bones. If we need blood yellow marrow can change to ___10___.

1. Marrow 2. medullary 3. red 4. yellow 5. red 6. skull 7. ribs 8. sternum 9. Yellow 10. red

When building a bone, you start with a bone cell or an ___1____. They reside in tiny chambers called __2_____ (that look like a covering.) The (2) are embedded in circular layers of bone matrix called __3____. All the circles surround a central canal called a ____4_____ canal where all the blood vessels & nerves are found. One WHOLE unit of the (4) surrounded by (3) with (2) holding (1)s makes up 1 ___5___ of which there are MANY in compact or ___6___ bone. That's how (6) bone is arranged. How is spongy or cancellous bone different? (7)

1. Osteocyte 2. lacunae 3. lamellae 4. Haversian 5. osteon 6. cortical 7. Spongy (cancellous) bone has branches called trabeculae, spongy, & have gaps to reduce weight & pores.

Match the bone with its type. "L" for long, "S" for short, "F" for flat, & "I" for irregular. Carpals:__1____, Femur: ___2____, Ribs:___3____, Patella: ___4___, Radius: ___5____, Tarsals:__6___, Scapula: __7___, Ulna: ___8____, Sesamoid: ___9___, Skull: ___10___, Vertebrae:____11___.

1. S 2. L 3. F 4. S 5. L 6. S 7: F 8. L 9: S 10. F 11. I

The 1st cervical vertebra is called ___1____, whereas the 2nd cervical vertebra is ___2____

1. atlas (C1) 2. axis (C2)

The center of a long bone is called the ____1____. As you near the ends of bones they start to widen in shape, when they first start to widen there is a ____2____. At the end is the widest portion & this is an ___3____, if it is closest to the trunk it is a ____4_____, if it is further from the trunk it is a ___5_____. Around the edges of the bone is a thin layer of ____6____ cartilage called ___7_____ cartilage.

1. diaphysis 2. metaphysis 3. epiphysis 4. proximal epiphysis 5. distal epiphysis 6. hyaline 7. articular

Babies are born with soft spots or ___1___ to ease transition through the birth canal & the shape changing is called __2____.

1. fontanels 2. molding

A __1___ is a break in a bone. If it is caused by injury it is __2___, if it is from disease it is ___3____. If the bone breaks through the skin it is ___4____ whereas if the skin is uninjured it is ___5____.

1. fracture 2. traumatic 3. spontaneous/pathologic 4. compound (open) 5. closed fracture

Making blood cells is ___1___. While in the womb it occurs in the __2___. Through development both the ___3___ & spleen accomplish this but mostly the process occurs in ___4____.

1. hematopoiesis 2. yolk sac/embryo 3. liver 4. red marrow

the only bone in our body not connected to another bone is the ___1___ and it works with the __2___ to help us swallow.

1. hyoid 2. tongue

Bones that develop from sheet-like layers of connective tissue are ____1____ bones, while bones that start as miniature, accurately shaped masses of hyaline cartilage are ___2____ bones. Most bones of the skeleton are ___3____ bones.

1. intramembranous 2. endochondral 3. endochondral

Between each vertebrae is an ___1___ disc made of __2___ to cushion from wear & tear.

1. invertebral 2. fibrocartilage

Thoracic vertebrae are ___1___ in size than cervical vertebrae & they lack ___2____ & their spinous processes are filled. Their defining feature is that they have ___3____ so that ribs may attach to them to complete the thoracic cage.

1. larger 2. transverse foramina 3. rib facets

Lumbar vertebrae are the __1___ in size & they really don't have a defining feature. However, they lack ____2____ unlike cervical & their spinous processes are complete also unlike cervical & they lack ___3____ that thoracic have.

1. largest 2. transverse foramina 3. rib facets

The 4 types of bone according to shape would be ___1__, ___2___, ___3____, &____4___.

1. long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular

The upper jawbone is the ___1___ and it's made of 2 __2___ that fuse to make the bone. If the bones do NOT fuse a ___3____ results.

1. maxillae 2. palatine processes 3. cleft palate

The outer covering of bone is ___1____, if you peel that back in the diaphysis of the bone you would encounter hard bone with no gaps in its matrix, this is __2____ or ___3____ bone. In the epiphyses of the bones you would find ___4____ or __5___ bone with spaces in the matrix. (5) bone has branches called ____6____ that make it look like a sponge. Once removing the (3) and (5) bone you would reach the hollow center portion of the bone, this is the ____7_____ that is lined with ___8___ and holds ____9__.

1. periosteum 2. compact 3. cortical 4. spongy 5. cancellous 6. trabeculae 7. medullary cavity 8. endosteum 9. marrow

When bones break vessels break & __1____ tears. Blood forms a local clot called a __2___ then __3___ invade & divide making spongy bone. __4___ remove the clot & damaged cells ___5___ resorb the fragments & clean up and then ___6___ fills the gaps make a ___7____ that later is replaced like bones that go through ___8____ ossification.

1. periosteum 2. hematoma 3. osteoblasts 4. Phagocytes 5. Osteoclasts 6. fibrocartilage 7. cartilaginous callus 8. endochondral

Growth hormone is secreted by the ___1____ gland. As a child, if you have too much you may suffer from ___2_____ whereas if you have too little you may have ____3____. If you are a full grown adult and you have too much you may have __4____ which affects the __5___, ___6____, & ___7___.

1. pituitary 2. pituitary gigantism 3. pituitary dwarfism 4. acromegaly 5. hands 6. feet 7. jaw

The 1st place that bone replaces cartilage is known as the ____1____. Here bone develops from the inside out. It starts when ____2____ deposit compact or ___3___ bone around the center which is found in the __4___ of the bone, the epiphyses remain cartilaginous until a ____5_____ emerges & then the cartilage turns into spongy or ___6____ bone. The cartilaginous ___7____ remains between the 2 ossification centers, but once the plate ossifies, then no more ____8___ is possible.

1. primary ossification center 2. osteoblasts 3. cortical 4. periosteum 5. secondary ossification center 6. cancellous 7. epiphyseal plate 8. lengthening

When the outer covering of a vertebra cracks & some of the central mass squeezes out you have ____1____ or ___2____ a disc.

1. ruptured 2. herniated

Cervical vertebrae are different because they are the __1___ in size. They also have __2____ to allow for blood vessels to go to the brain and a __3___ or open spinous process.

1. smallest 2. transverse foramina 3. bifid

The possible "extra" bones we may have are called ___1___ or __2____ bones.

1. sutural 2. wormian

The __1___ bone and the perpendicular plate of the ___2___ make up the septum.

1. vomer 2. ethmoid

The average # of bones for a human skeleton is

206

Why do we worry when a child breaks a bone near an epiphyseal plate? How can that be corrected?

If it is damaged, it may stop growing too early. It can be corrected by surgery.

How do osteoclasts & osteoblasts work together?

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to remodel bone. Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace it.

EXPLAIN what happens in bone cancer and why that's bad.

Osteoclasts destroy bone tissue faster than osteoblasts can replace it.

Osteoclasts & osteoblasts are responsible for bone remodeling. How do they accomplish that and why do we need it to occur?

Osteoclasts resorb tissue while osteoblasts replace them. We need this to occur to bones can stay strong & get rid of old matrix & cells.

The tough outer covering of bone composed of connective tissue is the __________.

Periosteum

Explain why we generally hit a growth spurt during puberty.

Sex hormones are plentiful during puberty, causing cartilage to divide & promote growth.

Why do girls stop growing before boys?

The effect of estrogen on epiphyseal plates is stronger than testosterone. Estrogen speeds up bone growth.

Osteoclasts break down bone. How? With what?

They secrete an acid that dissolves inorganic components of calcified matrix & their lysosomal enzymes digest organic components

Cervical vertebra #7 has a really long spinous process & thus sticks out far enough to be felt through the skin, this is the __________.

Vertebra prominens

An athlete's bone are stronger than a nonathletes. Why?

When skeletal muscles contract, they pull on bones which thickens & strengthens them.

How can an X-ray be used to tell if someone is done growing or not?

You see gaps/holes in the x-ray

The teeth fit into the _____________.

alveolar processes

During ossification, most hyaline cartilage turns into bone but some is left on the ends of the bone-this is ______ cartilage that persists throughout life.

articular

The membranes of the brain attach to the _______.

crista galli

The largest sinuses are the _________ sinuses.

maxillary

Because bones are made of layers of tissue they are considered to be _________ by definition.

organs

Bone development is called

osteogenesis

The ______ holds the pituitary glands.

sella turcica

The cranium + facial skeleton= the

skull

______________ is when a vertebra slips out of place over the vertebra below it.

spondylolisthesis