chap 3- verbal communication

esperanto

"Hopeful", most well known and widely used auxiliary language that was intended to serve as a common international language

communication accommodation theory

a theory which explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts

partial messages

are missing a relevant type of expression and can lead to misunderstanding and conflict

denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

6 months

Babies can associate some words, like bye-bye, with a corresponding behavior, and they begin "babbling," which is actually practice for more intelligible speech to come.

8-10 months

Babies learn that pointing can attract or direct attention, and they begin to follow adult conversations, shifting eye contact from one speaker to the next.

1 year

Babies recognize some individual words (people's names, no) and basic rituals of verbal interaction such as question-pause-answer and various greetings. Shortly before or after this time, babies begin to use "melodic utterances" echoing the variety in pitch and tone in various verbal interactions such as questioning, greeting, or wanting.

adjacency pairs

Regular two-turn exchanges in spoken discourse. e.g.: A: How are you? B: I'm fine, thanks. And you?

cultural bias

a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative

2-4 months

babies can respond to different tones of voice

unsupportive messages

can make others respond defensively, which can lead to feelings of separation and actual separation or dissolution of a relationship

expressing feeling

communicating emotions ex: i feel at peace when we're together

displacement

refers to our ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation

jargon

refers to specialized words used by a certain group or profession

expressing observation

report of sensory experiences or memories ex: pauline asked me to bring this file to you

expressing thought

conclusion about or judgement of experiences and observations ex: students today have much less respect for authority

codes

culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us organize, understand, and generate meaning

accents

distinct styles of pronunciation

language acquisition

refers to the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group

types of unsupportive messages

global labels, sarcasm, dragging up the past, negative comparisons, judgmental "you" messages, threats

verbal expressions

help us communicate our thoughts, observations, feelings, and needs

whole messages

include all the relevant types of expressions needed to most effectively communicate in a given situation, including what you see, what you think, what you feel, and what you need

contaminated messages

include mixed or misleading expressions

convergence

meaning a person makes their communication more like another person's.

divergence

meaning a person uses their communication to emphasize the differences between their conversational partner and themselves

symbolic nature of language

means that misunderstanding can easily occur when words and their definitions are abstract- the creation of whole messages help reduce this

supportive messages

messages communicated in an open, honest, and non-confrontational way

triangle of meaning

model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and referent.

neologisms

newly coined or used words

incivility

occurs when people deviate from accepted social norms for communication and behavior and manifests in swearing and polarized language that casts people and ideas as opposites. people can reduce this by being more accountable for the short and long term effects of their communication

social swearing

often used to create social bonds for impression management (to seem cool), typically seen as male dominated

commissives

phrases that communicate intent ex: i promise, i pledge, i guarantee

annoyance swearing

provides a sense of relief, people use it to manage stress and tension which could be an alternative to physical aggression

code-switching

refers to conscious changes in accent, dialect, or language ex: use of speech coaches to change they way you speak

affective language

refers to language used to express a persons feelings and create similar feelings in another person

slang

refers to new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period - often regarded as less formal

symbol

something that stands in for or represents something else ex: waving your hand instead of saying hello

expressing need

stating wants or requesting help or support ex: im saving money for summer vacation. is it ok if we skip our regular night out this week?

connotation

the implied or associative meaning of a word

inference-observation confusion

the misperception of an inference as an observation

directives

utterances that try to get another person to do something, ranging from an ask/request to a forceful command/insist

dialects

versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation