Chap 4: Body Struture

Diagnosis - clinical procedure

ausculation, inspection, palpation, percussion

CBC

complete blood count

CT

computed tomography

Diagnosis - imaging procedure

1. computed tomography (CT) 2. fluoroscopy 3. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4.nuclear scan 5. positron emission tomography (PET) 6. radiography 7.single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 8. ultrasonography (US)

Dx

diagnosis

peritonitis pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĪ-tĭs periton: peritoneum -itis: inflammation

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi

LAT, lat

lateral

LLQ

left lower quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

idiopathic

pertaining to a disease of unkown (origin)

Lumbar

pertaining to the (vertebrae of the) loins

somatic

pertaining to the body

coccygeal

pertaining to the coccyx

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

Cervical

pertaining to the neck

PET

positron emission tomography

prognosis (Px)

prediction of the course of disease and a possible outcome of a disease

Tx

treatment

Melanoma

tumor of black (cells)

diagnosis (Dx)

the cause and nature of a disease

Quadrant

. 1/4 of abdominopelvic cavity •Divides into four quadrants by two imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus of the body (One horizontal line & One vertical line)

Diagnosis - laboratory procedure

1. blood chemistry analysis 2. complete blood count (CBC)

1.white cell: leukocyte 2.pain in the stomach: gastralgia 3.instrument to measure the cranium (skull): crani/o/meter, craniometer 4.enlargement of internal organs: visceromegaly

1.white cell: 2.pain in the stomach: 3.instrument to measure the cranium (skull): 4.enlargement of internal organs:

5.incision of the chest: thoracotomy 6.study of tissues: histology 7.record of an x-ray: radiogram 8.pertaining to a deficient color: hypochromic

5.incision of the chest: 6.study of tissues: 7.record of an x-ray: 8.pertaining to a deficient color:

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.

incisional (surgical) ĭn-SĬZH-ŭn-ăl

Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

excisional (surgical) ĕk-SĬ-zhŭn-ăl

Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

inflammation ĭn-flă-MĀ-shŭn

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function

complete blood count (CBC)

Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases

Diagnosis procedures

Clinical, endoscopic, laboratory, imaging

positron emission tomography (PET) PŎZ-ĭ-trŏn ē-MĪSH-ŭn tō-MŎG-ră-fē

Computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

Combining form (CF) of cell

Cyt/o

Disease

Disrupts homeostasis (state of equilibrium within internal environment of the body), and body system (cells, organs...) are unable to function effectively

name 2 body cavities of back and front

Dorsal (posterior) cavity and Ventral (Frontal) cavity

Inspection

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

palpation păl-PĀ-shŭn

Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

ultrasonography (US)

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

perforation pĕr-fō-RĀ-shŭn

Hole that completely penetrates a structure

Identify the region: 1.surrounding the umbilicus (navel): ● UMBILICAL REGION 2.above the stomach: ● EPIGASTRIC REGION 3.beneath the umbilicus (navel): ● HYPOGASTRIC REGION 4.on the left lower side near the groin (ileus): ● LEFT ILIAC REGION 5.on the right middle side near the waist: ● RIGHT LUMBAR REGION

Identify the region: 1.surrounding the umbilicus (navel): ● 2.above the stomach: ● 3.beneath the umbilicus (navel): ● 4.on the left lower side near the groin (ileus): ● 5.on the right middle side near the waist:

computed tomography (CT) kŏm-PŪ-ted tō-MŎG-ră-fē

Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

incision and drainage (I&D) (surgical) ĭn-SĪZH-ŭn, DRĀN-ĭj

Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity vết rạch và dẫn lưu

blood chemistry analysis

Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions

List other CFs: 20.dry: xer/o 21.extremity: acr/o 22.internal organs: viscer/o 23.disease: path/o 24.unknown, peculiar: idi/o

List other CFs: 20.dry: 21.extremity: 22.internal organs: 23.disease: 24.unknown, peculiar:

List the CFs for color: 15.red: erythr/o 16.white: leuk/o 17.black: melan/o 18.blue: cyan/o 19.yellow: crrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o

List the CFs for color: 15.red: 16.white: 17.black: 18.blue: 19.yellow:

List the CFs for regions of the body: 9. stomach: gastro 10. chest: thorac 11. cranium (skull): crani 12. pelvis: pelv 13. abdomen: abdomin 14. loins (lower back): lumb

List the CFs for regions of the body: 9. stomach: 10. chest: 11. cranium (skull): 12. pelvis: 13. abdomen: 14. loins (lower back):

Auscultation (aws-kŭl-TĀ-shŭn)

Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

suppuration sŭp-ū-RĀ-shŭn

Process of forming pus

hernia (HĔR-nē-ă)

Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

ablation (surgical) ăb-LĀ-shŭn

Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

biopsy (surgical)

Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

curettage (surgical) kū-rĕ-TĂZH

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette phẫu thuật cạo

septicemia sĕp-tĭ-SĒ-mē-ă

Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning

rupture RŬP-chŭr

Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

anastomosis ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

revision (surgical)

Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

percussion pĕr-KŬSH-ŭn

Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure

nuclear scan NŪ-klē-ăr

Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures

fluoroscopy floo-or-ŎS-kō-pē

Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

radiography rā-dē-ŎG-ră-fē

Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) RĔZ-ĕn-ăns ĬM-ăj-ĭng

Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

laser surgery

Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes phẫu thuật bằng tia la-ze

electrocauterization (surgical) ĕ-lĕk-trō-KAW-tĕr-ĭ-ZA-shŭn

Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue kỹ thuật đốt điện

Diagnosis - endoscopic procedure ---> endoscopy ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

•Used to describe location of internal organs •Used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting

Why do we need to divide abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions?

- used to describe the location of abdominopelvic organs -Used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting

Why do we need to divide abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants

cyanosis

abnormal condition of blue(ness)

Cirrhosis

abnormal condition of yellow(ness):

adhesion

abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

AP

anteroposterior

Bx, bx

biopsy

Level of organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Name the 2 Dorsal cavities

cranial and spinal

gangrene (GANG-green)

death or decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

leukocytolysis

destruction of white cells

Body plane: Coronal

divides body into 2 front and back (aka frontal plane)

febrile (FEH-bril)

fever

Combining form (CF) of tissue

hist/o

Body plane: Transverse Plane

horizontal, divides the patient's body into imaginary upper (superior) and lower (inferior or caudal) halves

I&D

incision and drainage

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

mycosis mī-KŌ-sĭs myc: fungus (plural, fungi) -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

mycosis mī-KŌ-sĭs myc: fungus (plural, fungi) -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

Combining form (CF) of nucleus

nucle/o kary/o

erythroid

resembling red

RF

rheumatoid factor; radio frequency

nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

RLQ

right lower quadrant

RUQ

right upper quadrant

Body Planes: Midsagittal

runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right halves

SEPCT

single-photon emission computed tomograghy

pathologist

specialist in the study of diseases

Sx

symptoms

name 3 ventral cavities

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

US

ultrasound; ultrasonography

U&L, U/L

upper and lower

Disease (from clinical point of view)

•Pathological (morbid) condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings