Chap 4: Body Struture
Diagnosis - clinical procedure
ausculation, inspection, palpation, percussion
CBC
complete blood count
CT
computed tomography
Diagnosis - imaging procedure
1. computed tomography (CT) 2. fluoroscopy 3. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4.nuclear scan 5. positron emission tomography (PET) 6. radiography 7.single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 8. ultrasonography (US)
Dx
diagnosis
peritonitis pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĪ-tĭs periton: peritoneum -itis: inflammation
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unkown (origin)
Lumbar
pertaining to the (vertebrae of the) loins
somatic
pertaining to the body
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
Cervical
pertaining to the neck
PET
positron emission tomography
prognosis (Px)
prediction of the course of disease and a possible outcome of a disease
Tx
treatment
Melanoma
tumor of black (cells)
diagnosis (Dx)
the cause and nature of a disease
Quadrant
. 1/4 of abdominopelvic cavity •Divides into four quadrants by two imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus of the body (One horizontal line & One vertical line)
Diagnosis - laboratory procedure
1. blood chemistry analysis 2. complete blood count (CBC)
1.white cell: leukocyte 2.pain in the stomach: gastralgia 3.instrument to measure the cranium (skull): crani/o/meter, craniometer 4.enlargement of internal organs: visceromegaly
1.white cell: 2.pain in the stomach: 3.instrument to measure the cranium (skull): 4.enlargement of internal organs:
5.incision of the chest: thoracotomy 6.study of tissues: histology 7.record of an x-ray: radiogram 8.pertaining to a deficient color: hypochromic
5.incision of the chest: 6.study of tissues: 7.record of an x-ray: 8.pertaining to a deficient color:
edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
incisional (surgical) ĭn-SĬZH-ŭn-ăl
Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
excisional (surgical) ĕk-SĬ-zhŭn-ăl
Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
inflammation ĭn-flă-MĀ-shŭn
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
complete blood count (CBC)
Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
Diagnosis procedures
Clinical, endoscopic, laboratory, imaging
positron emission tomography (PET) PŎZ-ĭ-trŏn ē-MĪSH-ŭn tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
Combining form (CF) of cell
Cyt/o
Disease
Disrupts homeostasis (state of equilibrium within internal environment of the body), and body system (cells, organs...) are unable to function effectively
name 2 body cavities of back and front
Dorsal (posterior) cavity and Ventral (Frontal) cavity
Inspection
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
palpation păl-PĀ-shŭn
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
ultrasonography (US)
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
perforation pĕr-fō-RĀ-shŭn
Hole that completely penetrates a structure
Identify the region: 1.surrounding the umbilicus (navel): ● UMBILICAL REGION 2.above the stomach: ● EPIGASTRIC REGION 3.beneath the umbilicus (navel): ● HYPOGASTRIC REGION 4.on the left lower side near the groin (ileus): ● LEFT ILIAC REGION 5.on the right middle side near the waist: ● RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
Identify the region: 1.surrounding the umbilicus (navel): ● 2.above the stomach: ● 3.beneath the umbilicus (navel): ● 4.on the left lower side near the groin (ileus): ● 5.on the right middle side near the waist:
computed tomography (CT) kŏm-PŪ-ted tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
incision and drainage (I&D) (surgical) ĭn-SĪZH-ŭn, DRĀN-ĭj
Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity vết rạch và dẫn lưu
blood chemistry analysis
Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
List other CFs: 20.dry: xer/o 21.extremity: acr/o 22.internal organs: viscer/o 23.disease: path/o 24.unknown, peculiar: idi/o
List other CFs: 20.dry: 21.extremity: 22.internal organs: 23.disease: 24.unknown, peculiar:
List the CFs for color: 15.red: erythr/o 16.white: leuk/o 17.black: melan/o 18.blue: cyan/o 19.yellow: crrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o
List the CFs for color: 15.red: 16.white: 17.black: 18.blue: 19.yellow:
List the CFs for regions of the body: 9. stomach: gastro 10. chest: thorac 11. cranium (skull): crani 12. pelvis: pelv 13. abdomen: abdomin 14. loins (lower back): lumb
List the CFs for regions of the body: 9. stomach: 10. chest: 11. cranium (skull): 12. pelvis: 13. abdomen: 14. loins (lower back):
Auscultation (aws-kŭl-TĀ-shŭn)
Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
suppuration sŭp-ū-RĀ-shŭn
Process of forming pus
hernia (HĔR-nē-ă)
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
ablation (surgical) ăb-LĀ-shŭn
Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
biopsy (surgical)
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
curettage (surgical) kū-rĕ-TĂZH
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette phẫu thuật cạo
septicemia sĕp-tĭ-SĒ-mē-ă
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning
rupture RŬP-chŭr
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
anastomosis ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
revision (surgical)
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
percussion pĕr-KŬSH-ŭn
Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure
nuclear scan NŪ-klē-ăr
Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures
fluoroscopy floo-or-ŎS-kō-pē
Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
radiography rā-dē-ŎG-ră-fē
Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) RĔZ-ĕn-ăns ĬM-ăj-ĭng
Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
laser surgery
Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes phẫu thuật bằng tia la-ze
electrocauterization (surgical) ĕ-lĕk-trō-KAW-tĕr-ĭ-ZA-shŭn
Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue kỹ thuật đốt điện
Diagnosis - endoscopic procedure ---> endoscopy ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
•Used to describe location of internal organs •Used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting
Why do we need to divide abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions?
- used to describe the location of abdominopelvic organs -Used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting
Why do we need to divide abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blue(ness)
Cirrhosis
abnormal condition of yellow(ness):
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
AP
anteroposterior
Bx, bx
biopsy
Level of organization
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Name the 2 Dorsal cavities
cranial and spinal
gangrene (GANG-green)
death or decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
leukocytolysis
destruction of white cells
Body plane: Coronal
divides body into 2 front and back (aka frontal plane)
febrile (FEH-bril)
fever
Combining form (CF) of tissue
hist/o
Body plane: Transverse Plane
horizontal, divides the patient's body into imaginary upper (superior) and lower (inferior or caudal) halves
I&D
incision and drainage
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
mycosis mī-KŌ-sĭs myc: fungus (plural, fungi) -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
mycosis mī-KŌ-sĭs myc: fungus (plural, fungi) -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
Combining form (CF) of nucleus
nucle/o kary/o
erythroid
resembling red
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
Body Planes: Midsagittal
runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right halves
SEPCT
single-photon emission computed tomograghy
pathologist
specialist in the study of diseases
Sx
symptoms
name 3 ventral cavities
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
Disease (from clinical point of view)
•Pathological (morbid) condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings