Chapter 03: Level 1

Abbreviations are usually made plural by adding this letter only (no apostrophe) to the singular form.

What is the letter 's.' (ex: dept., depts. CPA, CPAs No., Nos.)

In addition, musical terms ending in 'o' always form the plural with the addition of this letter only.

what is with the addition of 's' only. (soprano-> sopranos)

Academic degrees are made plural with the addition of this letter only (no apostrophe). Notice that degrees are written without periods or spaces. You will learn more about degrees and other abbreviations in Chapter 12.

what is, with the addition of 's' only (no apostrophe). (ex: AAs MBAs PhDs.)

Proper nouns and surnames that end in" s, x, z, ch, or sh" are made plural by adding these letters.

what is: 'es' (ex: Lex-> Lexes; Rodriguez-> the Rodriguezes; Finch-> the Finches)

Nouns ending in "s, x, z, ch, or sh" form the plural with the addition of these two letters.

what is: 'es'.

Isolated (standing alone) lowercase letters and the capital letters A, I, M, and U are made plural with this for clarity.

what is: 's. (ex: A's,M's, p's and q's.) Without the apostrophe, these letters might be confused with other words, such as the verb is or the abbreviation Ms.

These nouns form the plural by changing the spelling of the word.

what is: Irregular nouns.

these nouns name two or more persons, places, or things.

what is: Plural nouns.

these nouns name one person, place, or thing.

what is: Singular (nouns).

Dictionaries show the plural forms of irregular nouns, but you should be familiar with these most common irregular noun plurals.

what is: child-> children; man-> men; tooth-> teeth.

t/f: Common nouns ending in 'y' follow no standard rules in the formation of plurals.

what is: false, common nouns ending in 'y' form the plural in two ways.

t/f: nouns ending in 'f' or 'fe' form the plural in two ways.

what is: false. nouns ending in 'f' or 'fe' follow no standard rules in the formation of plurals; they can add 's,' change to 'ves' or both forms are recognized.

t/f: Nouns ending in 'o' may be made plural by adding 's' or 'es' depending on two rules.

what is: true.

t/f: compound words and phrases are formed by combining words into single expressions. Compounds may be written as single words, may be hyphenated, or may appear as two words.

what is: true.

t/f: when making proper nouns and surnames (last names) plural, don't change the original spelling of the word. Simply add s or es to the end.

what is: true.

When the letter before 'y' is a consonant (all letters other than vowels), form the plural by changing the 'y' to 'i' and adding these two letters.

what is 'es.' (ex: city-> cities; library-> libraries; quality-> qualities).

When the letter before 'y' is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), form the plural by adding the this letter only.

what is 's.' (ex: day-> days; journey-> journeys; attorney-> attorneys).

nouns often serve as this part of a sentence.

what is (as sentence) subjects.

these nouns name specific persons, places, and things.

what is Proper (nouns).

When written as single words, compound nouns form the plural by this method?

what is appropriate changes in the final element of the word. (ex: database-> databases; bookshelf-> bookshelves; photocopy-> photocopies)

When the letter before 'o' is a consonant, form the plural by adding this or these letters.

what is by adding 's' or 'es'. When dictionaries recognize two plural forms for a word, the preferred one usually appears first. (ex: photo-> photos; potato-> potatoes; tornado-> tornadoes/ tornados)

Most proper nouns become plural by adding this letter.

what is by adding: 's'. (ex: Gardner-> the Gardners; Germany-> Germanys; Oropeza-> the Oropezas)

these nouns name generalized persons, places, and things.

what is common (nouns).

When the letter before 'o' is a vowel, form the plural by adding this letter only.

what is form the plural by adding 's' only. (ex: kilo-> kilos; ratio-> ratios; tattoo-> tattoos)

Most proper nouns form the plural by adding this or these letters, depending on the ending of the noun.

what is most proper nouns form the plural by adding 's' or 'es' depending on the ending of the noun.

As the "namers" in our language, these perform an important function.

what is nouns.

Numerals and uppercase letters standing alone (with the exception of A, I, M, and U) require only this letter in plural formation (no apostrophe).

what is only the letter 's' in plural formation (no apostrophe). (ex: W-2s and 1040s, the 1800s, three Cs of credit.)

Most regular nouns, including both common and proper nouns, form the plural with the addition of this letter.

what is the letter: 's'.

t/f: because they are general, common nouns are not capitalized.

what is true.

t/f: proper nouns are always capitalized.

what is true.

t/f: Isolated words used as nouns are made plural with the addition of s or es, as needed for pronunciation.

what is true. (ex: ifs, ands, or buts; pros and cons; ins and outs.)

nouns can serve as objects of these two things.

what is verbs and prepositions.

The singular and plural forms of abbreviations for units of measurement are, however, often this. Notice that some of these abbreviations end in periods, and others do not.

what are identical. (ex: oz. (ounce or ounces); km (kilometer or kilometers); ft. (foot or feet); kW (kilowatt or kilowatts))

Some units of measurement have this many plural forms.

what are two plural forms. (ex: lb. or lbs. (pounds); qt. or qts. (quarts); yd. or yds. (yards).)

When written in hyphenated or open form (as two or more separate words), compounds form the plural by appropriate changes in this noun.

what is "by appropriate changes in the PRINCIPAL (most important) noun." (ex: brother-in-law-> brothers-in-law; board of directors-> boards of directors; account payable-> accounts payable.)

If the compound has no principal noun, the final element is made this.

what is "is made PLURAL." (ex. start-up: start-ups. five-year-old: five-year-olds. no-show: no-shows.)

Numerals, alphabet letters, isolated words, and degrees are made plural by adding these letter or letters.

what is "s, es, or 's." The trend is to use 's only when necessary for clarity.

Some compound noun plurals have two recognized forms. In the following list, the preferred plural form is shown in this order.

what is "shown FIRST." (ex: attorney general: attorneys general, attorney generals. notary public: notaries public, notary publics. teaspoonful: teaspoonfuls, teaspoonsful.)