Chapter 04 - Marine Sediments

The rate of deposit for Abyssal clay, pelagic deposit: ___ mm ( ___in) per 1000 years

1, 0.04

The rate of deposit for Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit: ___cm ( ___ in) per 1000 years

1, 0.4

The rate of deposit for Course lithogenous sediments, nerdic deposit: __m ( __ft) per 1000 years

1, 3.3

Today ___ % of world oil production is extracted from offshore regions. The five reserves are:

30, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, North Sea, and East Indies

Calcareous ooze is the most dominating sediment worldwide covering ___% of the deep-ocean floor. Studies show abyssal clays cover ___% and siliceous ooze covers ___% of the world ocean floor.

45, 38, 8

Lithogenous sediments cover approximately ___% of the world's continental shelves. At least a percentage of lithogenous sediments is nearly everywhere on the ocean floor.

70

_____ (deep-water) deposits of lithogenous sediments are comprised of fine-grained material that accumulates slowly on the deep-ocean floor. These sediments originate as _____ eruptions, _____ dust, and fine-grain material carried deep-ocean currents.

Abyssal Clay, volcanic, wind-blown

______ is composed of at least ____% fine, clay-sized particle originate from the continents. Deep ______ contain a thick layer of abyssal clay deposits that were transported a great distance by _____ or ocean currents and deposited on the deep-ocean floor.

Abyssal clay, 70, Abyssal plains

The four neritic depositional environments of lithogenous sediments:

Beach deposits, Continental Shelf Deposits, Turbidite Deposits, and Glacial deposits

________ sediments are derived from the remains of hard parts of once-live organisms. These sediments contain material ranging from algae to whales and include phytoplankton, coral reefs and shells.

Biogenous

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous sediment

Marine sedimentary deposits can be categorized as either neritic or pelagic. _____ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands. These deposits are generally coarse grain. ______ deposits are found in deep ocean basins and are typically fine grain.

Biogenous, Lithogenous

______ oozes are most common in shallow, warm water of low latitudes. Organisms such as corals, mollusks, coccolithophorids, and foraminiferans contribute to the development of calcareous ooze. Calcareous ooze contains _____% of the hard remains calcareous secreting organisms.

Calcareous, 30

Below the lysocline, calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing water depth until the ______ (CCD) is reached. At the CCD and greater depths, sediment does not usually contain much calcite because it readily dissolves. Calcareous shells will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about ____ meters ( ____feet).

Calcite Compensation Depth, 4,500, 15,000

The two most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediments are:

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Silica (SiO2)

______- a lattice-like compound composed of water (ice) and natural gas formed in high-pressure and low-temperature environment such as those found in deep-ocean sediments.____ hydrate - a white, icy solid of water and methane is the most common type of gas hydrates.

Gas hydrates, Methane

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?

Mineral Composition

Marine sediments deposited along a continental margin are categorized as _____ deposits.

Neritic

_____ - pelagic sediment containing at least 30% biogenous material, the remaining percentage being lithogenous clay. Oozes are defined by their chemical composition of the organic remains.

Ooze

_________ - the study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and _____ have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate.

Paleoceanography, land

_______ cover 3⁄4 of the deep-ocean floor and are dominated by biogenous calcareous ooze, which are found on the relatively shallow deep-ocean areas along the _______.

Pelagic Deposits, Mid-Ocean Ridge

_____ is the number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor. Destruction occurs as the tests (shells) _____ in seawater before every reaching the ocean floor. _____ occurs as deposits of other sediments decrease the percentage biogenous sediments

Productivity, dissolve, Dilution

The two most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediments are _____ and _____.

Silica (SiO2)/Calcite (CaCO3)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Siliceous ooze

_____ oozes contain 30% of the hard remains of organisms with silica in their cell walls or tests such as _____ and _____. Siliceous ooze is found in cooler waters of high latitudes

Siliceous, diatoms, radiolarians

Four examples of sediment transportation media (erosion agents).

Streams, Wind, Glaciers, Gravity

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following processes?

Suspension Settling

_____ - the supporting skeleton or shell, usually microscopic, of many invertebrates.

Tests

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

_____ - the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces using agents such as water, chemical activity and temperature extremes. _____ is the transportation of these small particles of rock.

Weathering, Erosion

Calcareous ooze exists beneath the CCD: The mid-ocean ridge is rises above the _______ and surrounding ocean floor. Calcareous ooze deposits on top of the mid-ocean ridge. Seafloor spreading causes the calcareous ooze covered crust to move into deeper water. The Calcareous ooze is covered by ______ or siliceous ooze before being transported to deeper water preventing it from dissolving.

calcareous ooze, calcium carbonate

Neritic deposits cover 1⁄4 of the ocean floor and are composed mainly of _______ -grained lithogenous sediments, with biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous sediments present in smaller proportion of total sediments. These lithogenous deposit dominate the _________, which is the result of the margin proximity to the source of lithogenous material, nearby _______.

coarsed, continental margin, continents

During an ice age, rivers deposit their sediment load on _____.

continental shelf

_____ sediments dominate most neritic deposits. Lithogenous sediment is derived from rocks on nearby landmasses, consist of course-grained deposits, and accumulate rapidly on the ____, _____, and ____.

continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise

Lithogenous sediments tend to become _______ with increase distance from shore. High energy transport mechanisms are close to shore and lower energy mechanisms exist in the _________.

finer, deep-ocean basin

Particles of marine sediments come from weathered and eroded pieces of ______, the remains of once living organisms, _______ dissolved in water and outer space. Clues to sediments origin are found in its mineral composition and the particle's ________ - the size and shape of its particles.

fragments, particles, texture

Manganese nodules are round, hard lumps of ______ metals and an example of sediments. The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the _______.

hydrogenous, Abyssal Plains

______- rock particle trapped in glacial ice are carried out to sea by icebergs. As the iceberg melts lithogenous particle of all sizes release and settles on the ocean _____.

ice rafting, floor

The depth in the ocean at which the pressure is high enough, and the amount of carbon dioxide in deep-ocean waters is great enough, to begin dissolving calcium carbonate is called the _____.

lysocline

Biogenous sediments are classified as either ______ or ______. Macroscopic biogenous sediment is large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope, such as _____, bones, and teeth of large organisms. A microscope is required to view _____ biogenous sediment particles

macroscopic, microscopic, shells, microscopic

The predominance of abyssal clay on the abyssal plains is not the result of an abundance of clay settling on the ocean floor, but the absence of other ______ to dilute and/or cover the clay.

material

All rocks are composed of discrete crystals of naturally occurring ______. One of the most abundant, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________, which is composed of ________ and ________ (SiO2). Quartz is a major component of rocks.

minerals, quartz, silicon, oxygen

The ancient remains of microscopic _______, such as phytoplankton, buried within marine sediments before they could decompose, are the source of today's ______ - oil and natural gas.

organisms, petroleum

Biogenous sediment is one of the most common types of ______deposits. The distribution of these sediments on the ocean floor depends on 3 processes: productivity, destruction and _____.

pelagic, dilution

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are ______ and _____.

petroleum, gas hydrates

Examples of lithogenous neritic deposits include deposits. Beach material are composed mostly of ____-rich sand that is washed down to the coast by rivers but can be a variety material.

quartz

During an interglacial period (a warmer period, such as today) rivers deposit their sedimentary load in drowned _____ mouths rather carried out onto continental shelf as during an Ice Age.

river

Both neritic and pelagic sediments can be _______ or ________ in origin.

similar or different

An important property of lithogenous sediments is ______ - a measure of the uniformity of grain size and indicates the selectivity of the transportation process. Beach sand is usually _____ sorted, primarily the same size. A glacial deposit is ______ sorted, a variety of different sizes.

sorting, well, poorly

At the ______ surface and shallower parts of the ocean, seawater is generally saturated with calcium carbonate, so calcite does not dissolve. In the deep ocean the colder water contains greater amounts of carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid and causes calcareous material to _______.

warmer, dissolve

When observing the consistency in size of sediments, beach sand is usually ____ sorted due to winds, whereas glacial deposits are ____ sorted.

well/poorly