Chapter 1-7 International Relations
The constructivist approach contends that change at the international level of analysis can occur at two levels: _____ and _____.
individual; societal
Soft power is the ability to
influence others by example
National image and public support are both examples of
intangible sources of power
the unequal distribution of resources among states in the international system is known as
interdependence
It is a belief of _____ theory that the interest of states regarding natural resources is to "ensure a level playing field" for different actors in the market
liberal
Realists argue power is determined primarily by
military power
coordination among several states is known as
multilateralism
Dependency theorists attribute primary importance to the role of _______ in exerting control over developing states
multinational corporations
Trade limits against South Africa are and example of
negative sanctions
Constructivists argue that
norms can be changed through coercion as well as through discourse
Offensive realist argue that
periodically fighting a war can intimidate potential rivals into bandwagoning with it
Radicals and realists explain and understand the international system differently. Realists tend to focus on ______ because of its emphasis on power. Radicals explain the international system by focusing on _____.
polarity; stratification
Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev implemented two domestic reforms: glasnot and perestroika. Glasnot refers to
politcal openness
Liberalism posits that cooperations between states is
possible
Geographic size and location, population and natural resources are all sources of ____ and reflect the ______ of a state
power; power potential
The advent of nuclear weapons led to the superpowers fighting indirectly through ____ wars
proxy
Which theory focuses on economic class conflict to explain state behavior
radicalism
Radicalism draws off some ideas of Karl Marx. This means
radicals argue that class exploitation occurs in both domestic and international settings
The state is paramount in the theories of
realism and liberalism
Of all the theoretical perspectives, ____ views power as the international currency in international relations
realists
Which theoretical approach argues that system stability is threatened when economic dominant powers are challenged by those states beneath them in terms of access to resources
realists
What distinguishes traditional realists from neorealists at the international level of analysis
realists argue that the state shapes the international system, whereas neorealists argue that states are constrained by the structure of the international system
Which of the following is true of the realist and liberal views of the possibility for peace in the international system
realists think states have an interest against establishing a unipolar system, which could help sustain peace
Realists argue that the _____ is the key unit of analysis in international relations, whereas neorealists argue that _______ is the key unit of anaylsis
state; international system
The idea behind the balance of power is that
states are less likely to go to war when their power is relatively symmetrical to that of their adversaries
When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990,
the Soviet Union/Russia supported a military UN mission to remove Iraq from Kuwait
Which of the following was the military alliance that bound states with the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
the Warsaw Pact
The idea that communist influence would spread from one state to another if not contained was called
the domino effect
What is an example of bipolar period in world history
the immediate post-Cold war era
The idea that the economic market will work effortlessly and efficiently when individuals pursue their rational self-interest is referred to as _____ at work
the invisible hand
The Treaties of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War (1618-48). Which of the following resulted from this experience?
the notion of sovereignty
The Concert of Europe refers to what period in history when no major wars among great powers occurred?
the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean War
Which of the following factors do neorealists argue makes cooperation between states difficult?
the potential for cheating
What does the period immediately following the Treaties of Westphalia represent to the study of international relations?
the rise of secular authority
Which of the following is argument made by realists
the state manages insecurity by building up military strength or making alliances
An essential assumption of realism is that
there are no subnational actors trying to overturn the decision of the government
in the 1970s, a core group of reformers in developing countries formed the New International Economic Order (NIEO). What was the goal of the NIEO?
to enhance developing counties level of development and control over their own resources
Which of the following is a reason radical theorists argue leads rich, capitalist states toward imperial expansion?
underconsumption of the lower class
An example of nationalism at work is the
unification of Germany in the nineteenth century
Constructivists like Alexander Wendt argue that material structures, on their own, explain
very little
According to realists, ______ is most often responsible for changes in power relationships among states
war
Liberals view diplomacy as only effective
when combined with deterrence strategies
The credibility of a commitment depends on a state's
willingness and ability to carry it out
Some feminist theorists argue that
women have been absent from international politics
Public diplomacy is
working to create an image that enhances a state's ability to achieve its objectives
What explanations do liberal scholars attribute to democratic peace?
Democratic leaders are subject to a wide array of constituents, which reduces the prospects of war
Why did neither Britain nor Russia assume a dominant leadership position in the nineteenth century?
Each nation used its power capabilities to maintain the status quo
The analysis of a single international system is often criticized as
Eurocentric
World War 2 officially began when
Germany invade Poland
Near the end of World War 2, which three countries led the alliance against Germany?
Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States
______ is the annexation of distant territory and its inhabitants to an empire.
Imperialism
The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)
Increased tensions between Britain and Germany because the Boers had purchased weapons from Germany.
why is cooperation unlikely in the prisoner's dilemma game?
It is in the prisoners' self-interest to cooperate
Following the Napoleonic Wars, which of the following political changes occurred?
Italy was unified
In the early 1900s, ______, a non-European power, defeated Russia, a European power in a war.
Japan
In the balance of power in Europe following the Napoleonic war, which state played the role of "builder of alliances"?
Russia
Napoleon's army was defeated after invading which country?
Russia
The 1990s saw brutal civil wars in
Rwanda and Yugoslavia
Negotiations occurring between states as well as between state negotiators and their various domestic constituencies is known as
a two-level game
Neoliberal institutionalists and neorealists agree that the international system is ______ in nature, but disagree on the potential for ______ outcomes.
anarchic; positive
Realism and liberalism are similar in that they both
assume actors are basically rational
The liberal perspective has a more ____ view of the international system, whereas the constructivists take a(n) _______ approach, emphasizing how changes in norms and ideas shape the system.
biased; negative
The ____ model focuses on actors that occupy key positions in government; whereas the ______ model focuses on actors that occupy key positions both inside and outside government
bureaucratic/organizational; pluralist
In the liberal view, change in the international system
can stem from changes in the relative importance of issue areas
According to Marxists and other radicals, the "crippling stratification" of the international system is caused by
capitalism
After the Thirty Years War, a group of states emerged in both the East and West. The West relied on _______, while the East resorted to ______.
capitalism, feudalism
The settling of people from a home country among indigenous peoples of a distant territory is known as
colonialism
constructivists characterize the national interest as
constantly changing
Both radicals and realists argue that the international system
constrains state actions
In seeking to explain the 2003 Iraq War, which theory would focus on how discussions of the threat posed by Saddam Hussein were framed?
constructivism
_______argue that the idea of a fixed international system is not a useful way to approach the study of international relations
constructivists
Each of the theoretical perspectives hold a different view of the state. Which sentence best captures this difference
constructivists and liberals agree that multiple actors construct the image of the state, whereas realists argue that the state is a unitary actor
In the nineteenth century, under the balance-of-power system, states formed alliances on what basis?
counteracting powerful factions
An advantage of system level analysis is a
focus on the world, not the parts
One idea that emerged after the American and French Revolutions was that
government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.
Neoliberals see international institutions as
having important and independent effects on state actions
A specific statement positing a particular relationship between two or more variables is known as a
hypothesis
The idea that war is preventable through the collective actions of states is a basic proposition of which theory?
idealism
During the Cold War, the United States pursued the strategy of _______ vis-a-vis the Soviet Union
containment
The lessening of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union beginning in the late 1960s is called
detente
Radicalism is the only theory that views ______ as the primary ingredient of power
economics
A group of people who share a common history, language, and lifestyle is known as
nation
When a people come to identify with a common past, language, customs, and practices it is termed
nationalism
According to Jean Bodin, sovereignty is not without limits. Which of the following can limit a leader's practice of sovereignty?
natural law
The central theoretical tenet of constructivism is
neither state nor international community interests are predetermined or fixed
One leading explanation of why the Cold War stayed cold and became the long peace is because
nuclear deterrence made neither side willing to start a war
Which of the following factors do neoliberal institutionalists think helps foster cooperation?
repeated interactions
Defensive realists argue that states should pursue policies of
restraint through military, diplomatic, or economic channels
Liberals believe that the international system is defined by
security interests
The authority of a state to govern matters within its own borders free from external interference is known as
sovereignty
Realists lack a consensus about the relationship between polarity and stability. Which of the following statements best captures this difference of opinion?
Advocates of the unipolar system argue that the hegemonic actor is willing to enforce norms that permit the continuation of the system that benefits them
The Congress of Berlin divided _____ between the major powers
Africa
During which time period did colonialism meet its demise?
After World War 2
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were organized and funded by
Al Qaeda
Neorealists argue that the potential for international cooperation is unlikely given that the structure of the international system makes states focus on their relative power. What do they mean by this?
States are reluctant to cooperate even for mutual gain, because their partners may benefit more, gaining additional power to use against them in the future
The League of Nations was designed to prevent all future wars. Why was this intergovernmental organizations unable to precent World War 2?
The League of Nations lacked political weight, legal instruments, and legitimacy
The balance of power weakened as alliances solidified and, as a result, two alliance camps emerged in the late 1880s. One was the Dual Alliance formed by France and Russia and the other was formed by Germany, Austria, and Italy and known as the
Triple Alliance
Which of the following is a change that realists argue would significantly alter the international system
a change in norms through discursive processes
Some realist scholars argue stability is easier in ____ systems than in ______ systems because if on state engages in disruptive behavior or gains power, the consequences are immediately evident
bipolar; multipolar
How did Russia and China's Marxist revolutions differ?
China saw the revolution coming from the rural peasantry
