Chapter 1-7 International Relations

The constructivist approach contends that change at the international level of analysis can occur at two levels: _____ and _____.

individual; societal

Soft power is the ability to

influence others by example

National image and public support are both examples of

intangible sources of power

the unequal distribution of resources among states in the international system is known as

interdependence

It is a belief of _____ theory that the interest of states regarding natural resources is to "ensure a level playing field" for different actors in the market

liberal

Realists argue power is determined primarily by

military power

coordination among several states is known as

multilateralism

Dependency theorists attribute primary importance to the role of _______ in exerting control over developing states

multinational corporations

Trade limits against South Africa are and example of

negative sanctions

Constructivists argue that

norms can be changed through coercion as well as through discourse

Offensive realist argue that

periodically fighting a war can intimidate potential rivals into bandwagoning with it

Radicals and realists explain and understand the international system differently. Realists tend to focus on ______ because of its emphasis on power. Radicals explain the international system by focusing on _____.

polarity; stratification

Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev implemented two domestic reforms: glasnot and perestroika. Glasnot refers to

politcal openness

Liberalism posits that cooperations between states is

possible

Geographic size and location, population and natural resources are all sources of ____ and reflect the ______ of a state

power; power potential

The advent of nuclear weapons led to the superpowers fighting indirectly through ____ wars

proxy

Which theory focuses on economic class conflict to explain state behavior

radicalism

Radicalism draws off some ideas of Karl Marx. This means

radicals argue that class exploitation occurs in both domestic and international settings

The state is paramount in the theories of

realism and liberalism

Of all the theoretical perspectives, ____ views power as the international currency in international relations

realists

Which theoretical approach argues that system stability is threatened when economic dominant powers are challenged by those states beneath them in terms of access to resources

realists

What distinguishes traditional realists from neorealists at the international level of analysis

realists argue that the state shapes the international system, whereas neorealists argue that states are constrained by the structure of the international system

Which of the following is true of the realist and liberal views of the possibility for peace in the international system

realists think states have an interest against establishing a unipolar system, which could help sustain peace

Realists argue that the _____ is the key unit of analysis in international relations, whereas neorealists argue that _______ is the key unit of anaylsis

state; international system

The idea behind the balance of power is that

states are less likely to go to war when their power is relatively symmetrical to that of their adversaries

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990,

the Soviet Union/Russia supported a military UN mission to remove Iraq from Kuwait

Which of the following was the military alliance that bound states with the Soviet Union during the Cold War?

the Warsaw Pact

The idea that communist influence would spread from one state to another if not contained was called

the domino effect

What is an example of bipolar period in world history

the immediate post-Cold war era

The idea that the economic market will work effortlessly and efficiently when individuals pursue their rational self-interest is referred to as _____ at work

the invisible hand

The Treaties of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War (1618-48). Which of the following resulted from this experience?

the notion of sovereignty

The Concert of Europe refers to what period in history when no major wars among great powers occurred?

the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean War

Which of the following factors do neorealists argue makes cooperation between states difficult?

the potential for cheating

What does the period immediately following the Treaties of Westphalia represent to the study of international relations?

the rise of secular authority

Which of the following is argument made by realists

the state manages insecurity by building up military strength or making alliances

An essential assumption of realism is that

there are no subnational actors trying to overturn the decision of the government

in the 1970s, a core group of reformers in developing countries formed the New International Economic Order (NIEO). What was the goal of the NIEO?

to enhance developing counties level of development and control over their own resources

Which of the following is a reason radical theorists argue leads rich, capitalist states toward imperial expansion?

underconsumption of the lower class

An example of nationalism at work is the

unification of Germany in the nineteenth century

Constructivists like Alexander Wendt argue that material structures, on their own, explain

very little

According to realists, ______ is most often responsible for changes in power relationships among states

war

Liberals view diplomacy as only effective

when combined with deterrence strategies

The credibility of a commitment depends on a state's

willingness and ability to carry it out

Some feminist theorists argue that

women have been absent from international politics

Public diplomacy is

working to create an image that enhances a state's ability to achieve its objectives

What explanations do liberal scholars attribute to democratic peace?

Democratic leaders are subject to a wide array of constituents, which reduces the prospects of war

Why did neither Britain nor Russia assume a dominant leadership position in the nineteenth century?

Each nation used its power capabilities to maintain the status quo

The analysis of a single international system is often criticized as

Eurocentric

World War 2 officially began when

Germany invade Poland

Near the end of World War 2, which three countries led the alliance against Germany?

Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States

______ is the annexation of distant territory and its inhabitants to an empire.

Imperialism

The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)

Increased tensions between Britain and Germany because the Boers had purchased weapons from Germany.

why is cooperation unlikely in the prisoner's dilemma game?

It is in the prisoners' self-interest to cooperate

Following the Napoleonic Wars, which of the following political changes occurred?

Italy was unified

In the early 1900s, ______, a non-European power, defeated Russia, a European power in a war.

Japan

In the balance of power in Europe following the Napoleonic war, which state played the role of "builder of alliances"?

Russia

Napoleon's army was defeated after invading which country?

Russia

The 1990s saw brutal civil wars in

Rwanda and Yugoslavia

Negotiations occurring between states as well as between state negotiators and their various domestic constituencies is known as

a two-level game

Neoliberal institutionalists and neorealists agree that the international system is ______ in nature, but disagree on the potential for ______ outcomes.

anarchic; positive

Realism and liberalism are similar in that they both

assume actors are basically rational

The liberal perspective has a more ____ view of the international system, whereas the constructivists take a(n) _______ approach, emphasizing how changes in norms and ideas shape the system.

biased; negative

The ____ model focuses on actors that occupy key positions in government; whereas the ______ model focuses on actors that occupy key positions both inside and outside government

bureaucratic/organizational; pluralist

In the liberal view, change in the international system

can stem from changes in the relative importance of issue areas

According to Marxists and other radicals, the "crippling stratification" of the international system is caused by

capitalism

After the Thirty Years War, a group of states emerged in both the East and West. The West relied on _______, while the East resorted to ______.

capitalism, feudalism

The settling of people from a home country among indigenous peoples of a distant territory is known as

colonialism

constructivists characterize the national interest as

constantly changing

Both radicals and realists argue that the international system

constrains state actions

In seeking to explain the 2003 Iraq War, which theory would focus on how discussions of the threat posed by Saddam Hussein were framed?

constructivism

_______argue that the idea of a fixed international system is not a useful way to approach the study of international relations

constructivists

Each of the theoretical perspectives hold a different view of the state. Which sentence best captures this difference

constructivists and liberals agree that multiple actors construct the image of the state, whereas realists argue that the state is a unitary actor

In the nineteenth century, under the balance-of-power system, states formed alliances on what basis?

counteracting powerful factions

An advantage of system level analysis is a

focus on the world, not the parts

One idea that emerged after the American and French Revolutions was that

government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.

Neoliberals see international institutions as

having important and independent effects on state actions

A specific statement positing a particular relationship between two or more variables is known as a

hypothesis

The idea that war is preventable through the collective actions of states is a basic proposition of which theory?

idealism

During the Cold War, the United States pursued the strategy of _______ vis-a-vis the Soviet Union

containment

The lessening of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union beginning in the late 1960s is called

detente

Radicalism is the only theory that views ______ as the primary ingredient of power

economics

A group of people who share a common history, language, and lifestyle is known as

nation

When a people come to identify with a common past, language, customs, and practices it is termed

nationalism

According to Jean Bodin, sovereignty is not without limits. Which of the following can limit a leader's practice of sovereignty?

natural law

The central theoretical tenet of constructivism is

neither state nor international community interests are predetermined or fixed

One leading explanation of why the Cold War stayed cold and became the long peace is because

nuclear deterrence made neither side willing to start a war

Which of the following factors do neoliberal institutionalists think helps foster cooperation?

repeated interactions

Defensive realists argue that states should pursue policies of

restraint through military, diplomatic, or economic channels

Liberals believe that the international system is defined by

security interests

The authority of a state to govern matters within its own borders free from external interference is known as

sovereignty

Realists lack a consensus about the relationship between polarity and stability. Which of the following statements best captures this difference of opinion?

Advocates of the unipolar system argue that the hegemonic actor is willing to enforce norms that permit the continuation of the system that benefits them

The Congress of Berlin divided _____ between the major powers

Africa

During which time period did colonialism meet its demise?

After World War 2

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were organized and funded by

Al Qaeda

Neorealists argue that the potential for international cooperation is unlikely given that the structure of the international system makes states focus on their relative power. What do they mean by this?

States are reluctant to cooperate even for mutual gain, because their partners may benefit more, gaining additional power to use against them in the future

The League of Nations was designed to prevent all future wars. Why was this intergovernmental organizations unable to precent World War 2?

The League of Nations lacked political weight, legal instruments, and legitimacy

The balance of power weakened as alliances solidified and, as a result, two alliance camps emerged in the late 1880s. One was the Dual Alliance formed by France and Russia and the other was formed by Germany, Austria, and Italy and known as the

Triple Alliance

Which of the following is a change that realists argue would significantly alter the international system

a change in norms through discursive processes

Some realist scholars argue stability is easier in ____ systems than in ______ systems because if on state engages in disruptive behavior or gains power, the consequences are immediately evident

bipolar; multipolar

How did Russia and China's Marxist revolutions differ?

China saw the revolution coming from the rural peasantry