Chapter 1

What are the three laryngeal valves?

1. Aryepiglottic folds 2. Ventricular folds (False folds) 3. Thyroarytenoid muscles (true vocal folds)

What are the 2 methods for determining prevalence of a disorder?

1. Direct Method 2. Indirect Method

List and define the four types of voice disorders discussed in Chapter 1.

1. Muscle Tension Dysphonia 2, Psychogenic 3. Organic 4. Neurogenic

What is the prevalence of voice disorders in the general population?

Children: the actual prevalence of voice disorders in children is difficult to determine. Elderly: the true prevalence of voice disorders remains largely unknown. The risk of an elderly person having a voice disorder is greater if the person also has a hearing loss. Teachers/Student Teachers: are at risk for having a voice disorder due to vocal load, physical factors, psycho-emotional factors, and environmental factors. Prevalence of voice disorders in U.S. teachers has been extensively studied,, showing prevalence rates ranging 4-50% or higher, with higher rates than that for comparable persons from the general population. SLPs: Higher prevalence rate than that of the general population. (similar to student teachers)

Ventricular Folds Function for speech & non-speech activities...???

False folds

Aryepiglottic Folds Function for speech & non-speech activities...???

Most vertical part of the supralarynx.

What is the primary biological function of the larynx?

The primary function of the larynx is protecting the airway from obstruction. (keeping fluid and food from entering the airway. (aspiration). The secondary function is voice production.

Thyroarytenoid Muscles Function for speech & non-speech activities...???

True folds Lowest, medial During swallowing, they always adduct to prevent possible aspiration.

Psychogenic

a result of emotional trauma, reaction to the trauma may manifest itself in a complete loss of voice, often labeled as a functional dysphonia--- a hoarseness that has no physical cause.

Dysphonia

difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cord.

Direct Method

face to face assessment including screening and diagnostic techniques.

Indirect Method

parent or teacher report. Lower prevalence rates are typically derived from indirect methods in comparison to direct methods.

Organic

structural deviations of the vocal tract (lungs, muscles of respiration, larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity).

Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD)

the most common voice disorder seen in both children and adults. MTD is the most common manifestation of vocal hypertension-- used too much muscular tension to phonate. Thus, overuse of the respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal system when voicing usually begin gradually.

Neurogenic

the muscles control and innervation of the muscles of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation may be impaired from birth or from injury or disease of the peripheral or central nervous systems occurring at any age.