chapter 1 and 2

teosinte

a Mexican grass that is grown as fodder and is considered to be one of the parent plants of modern corn.

chiefdoms

a form of hierarchical organization in non-industrial societies. In Hawaii it was an elite class with political and military power ruling over mass commoners.

agriculture spread through what?

a mixture of diffusion and colonialism

gobekli tepe

ceremonial site in southeastern turkey built by hunting and gathering people

animal husbandry

distinct form of food-producing economy, relying on the milk, meat, and blood of animals.

sorghum

grows well in arid conditions, was the first grain to be "tamed" in the eastern Sahara region

problems with civilization

it tends to be used to assign other inferior status to those that are "less civlized." The term also excludes other people who have made large contributions in history.

paleolithic

means "old stone age"

when did much of the migrations of humans start?

Much of the migration occurred during the ice age starting 20,000 years ago. The large sheets of ice connected land through land bridges.

cities

most distinct feature or civilization. Cities lay at the heart of all of the first civilizations as political/administrative capitals, centers of production and culture.

venus figurines

things carved from rock, antlers, tusks, etc that depict the exaggerated female form. Similar figures have been found all across Europe which allow for predictions about early human communication.

into austrailia

60,000 years ago people from Indonesia traveled by boat. The people settled very spread out making the population seem small yet it was home to about 300,000 humans in 1788 when the first europeans arrived. Over tens of thousands of years they've developed 250 languages. When the europeans first arrived aboriginals still practiced their traditional way of life despite the presence of agriculture. Paleolithic Australia, like ancient Europe, was many separate worlds and, at the same time, one loosely connected world.

sequence of human migration

Humans first evolved in southern and eastern Africa. There they began to develop and start the first advancements in trade, hunting, gathering, technology, and tools. Around 100,000-60,000 years ago, during the ice age, humans began their trek out of Africa and into Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.

agricultural revolution

The most significant and enduring transformation of the human condition. Farming and raising animals allowed an increase in human numbers.

trance dance

a state in which shaman has temporarily lost consciousness during a religious and spiritual ceremony. Happened to talk to the dead

pastoralisits

and nomads, such people emerged in Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara, and parts of eastern and southern Africa. Moved seasonally as they followed the changing patterns of vegetation necessary as pasture for their animals.

catal hyuck

early village in southern Turkey; buried dead under houses and filled homes with dirt then built new ones on top. It depicted gender equality. There was no writing or government. It was an early neolithic city with social organization.

dreamtime

elaborate and complex outlook on the world. It recounted the beginning of things through stories, ceremonies, and rock art. It talks about how ancestral beings created the land.

clovis culture

prehistoric Native American culture that first appears in the archaeological record of North America around 13,500 years ago. The people ranged over large areas and camping along rivers, springs, and waterholes. Clovis men were hunters of very large mammals. All traces of the Clovis culture disappeared rather abruptly, as the large mammals they hunted died out. Clovis point technology suggests a regional pattern of cultural diffusion and indirect communications.

domestication

the taming, and the changing, of nature for the benefit of humankind but, it created a new kind of mutual dependence.

why was america at a huge disadvantage during the agricultural revolution?

there were few large animals that could be trained. Peoples of the Americas lacked sources of protein, manure, and power that were widely available to societies in the Afro-Eurasian world. They could not depend on domesticated animals for meat, agricultural peoples in the Americas relied more on hunting and fishing. Americas lacked the rich cereal grains that were widely available in Afro-Eurasia. Instead they had maize or corn, first domesticated in southern Mexico by 4000 to 3000 b.c. Process to agriculture took 3,500 years in Mesoamerica.

bipedalism

he ability to walk upright on two legs. All of the hominids had this in common

How did kings use rituals and art/architecture to reinforce their power?

Kings used rituals to honor them. When kings died there were elaborate burial ceremonies in order to mourn and honor them. They also utilized art and architecture to create monuments in honor of them.

What different kinds of societies emerged out the the Agricultural Revolution?

Pastoral societies, agricultural societies and villages, and chiefdoms.

change from the pharaoh to the nobles

2400 B.C.E the power of the pharaoh diminished as local officials and nobles, who were awarded their own land, assumed greater authority. When the changes in the Nile led to the failure of flooding the authority of the Pharaoh was severely discredited. When centralized rule was restored around 2000 B.C.E the pharaohs never regained their old power and prestige. Nobles created their own more modest tombs in their own areas.

who conquered mesopotamia

Akkadians (2350-2000 B.C.E), Babylonians (1900-1500 B.C.E), and the Assyrians (900-612 B.C.E) created larger territorial states or bureaucratic empires.

banpo

An early agricultural village in northern china. This is where the domestication of rice, millet, pigs, and chickens gave rise to settled communities. Where weaving began. One of the first cities to adopt tools.

bantu migration

Beginning from what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon around 3000 b.c.e., Bantu-speaking people moved east and south over the next several millennia, taking with them their agricultural, cattle-raising, and, later, iron working skills, as well as their languages.

What distinguished "civilizations" from earlier Paleolithic and Neolithic Societies?

Civilizations in comparison to Paleolithic and Neolithic societies supported a much higher population. In civilizations people were controlled or organized by powerful states. People were always organized into separate classes based on economic function, skill, and wealth.

What are Strayer's 2 reservations with using the term "civilization?"

The two reservations are that the term implicates superiority and it implies solidity

early paleolithic societies

They were small with only 25-50 people. Technology available permitted a very low population density and a very low population growth. Paleolithic bands were seasonally mobile or nomadic. The low productivity of gathering and hunting economy normally did not allow the production of much surplus. There were no chiefs, kings, bureaucrats, soldiers, nobles, or priests.

pastoral societies

a social group of pastoralists, whose way of life is based on pastoralism, and is typically nomadic. Daily life is centered upon the tending of herds or flocks and they largely dependent on their domesticated animals. The domestication of horses by 4000 b.c.e. Enabled the growth of pastoral peoples all across the steppes of Central Asia by the first millennium b.c.e.

tef

a tiny, highly nutritious grain

what did writing give rise to?

literature, philosophy, astronomy, math. It allowed history to be recorded. It later became a major arena for social and political conflict, and rulers always have sought to control it

pastoralists

people in more arid locations that depended on their herds of domesticated animals. They were nomadic

paleolithic era

phase in human history when the migration from being limited to becoming dominant. (before agriculture and it lasted 11,000 years) During this time humans colonized the earth. Before agriculture so it was the hunter/gatherer lifestyle. Represents 95% of the time humans were on earth.

how did Egypt influence other cultures?

Egyptian trade extended to mediterranean, middle east, africa, nubia, south of egypt into the Nile valley, punt, and along the East african coast of Ethiopia and Somalia Nubian archers were recruited for service as mercenaries in Egyptian armies. Nubian men often married Egyptian women. Nubian people were buried Egyptian style Nubian people built Egyptian-style pyramids, worshipped Egyptian gods/goddesses, and made use of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.

how did agriculture affect the environment?

Farmers everywhere stamped the landscape with a human imprint in the form of fields with boundaries, terraced hillsides, irrigation ditches, and canals. Intense irrigation also brought high amounts of salt to the soil and major deforestation.

hunting and gathering

Before the agricultural revolution all of humankind lived and sustained this lifestyle of gathering and hunting as people were foragers and gatherers

megafaunal extinction

Abrupt extinction of large mammals including the mammoth and species of horses and camels. We are unsure as to why this happened did the clovis culture kill of their food source initially killing them or were they unable to live in the dry conditions following the ice age.

origins of civlizations

Civilizations had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural technology permitted human communities to produce sufficient surplus to support large populations. All of the first civilizations embodied a new way of human life. They all developed from agricultural economies. New innovations improved productivity in agriculture. Civilizations emerged from earlier competing chiefdoms.

Egyptian city and states

Egyptian civilization began its history around 3100 B.C.E with the merger of several earlier states or chiefdoms into a unified territory that stretched some 1,000 miles along the Nile. For 3,000 years Egypt maintained that unity and independence with occasional interruptions. The Nile facilitated communication, exchange, unity, and stability within the Nile Valley. Cities were less important in Egypt than they were in Mesopotamia. They were political capitals, market centers, and major burial sites. Most people lived in agricultural villages along the river rather than in urban centers. Security made it less necessary for people to gather in fortified towns. Egyptian state resided in the pharaoh, believed to be a god in human form.

mesopotamia's city and states

First thousand years (3200-2350 B.C.E) Mesopotamian civilization was organized in a dozen or more separate and independent city-states. Each city-state was ruled by a king who represented the city's patron deity and controlled the affairs. 80% of the population lived in one or another of these city-states. Massive urbanization. These states had frequent warfare so, people fled rural areas to the walled cities for protection. There was no overarching authority so rivalry over land and water led to violent conflict. This along with the environment led the sumerian cities vulnerable to outside forces.

where did the human revolution occur?

In Africa. Humans began to inhabit different and new environments within Africa. Around 100,000-60,000 years ago humans began their long trek out of Africa and into Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Humans were able to adapt and live in every environment on earth.

common patterns in agriculture

It occurred in many different parts of the world all at a rather similar time. The Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age about 11,000 years ago. The end of the last Ice Age, however, coincided with the migration of Homo sapiens across the planet and created new conditions that made agriculture more possible. women had long been associated with collecting wild plants, they were the likely innovators who led the way to deliberate farming, with men perhaps taking the lead in domesticating animals. People were able to settle down and establish more permanent villages, abandoning their nomadic ways and more intensively exploiting the local area

why were women subordinate to men

Plow based agriculture, warfare, pregnancy, property and commerce rights all contributed to the patriarchy where men were superior to women.

List some of the positives and negatives of the development of civilizations

Positives: inspiring art, profound reflection on the meaning of life, more productive technologies, increased control over nature, and the art of writing. Negatives: massive inequalities, state oppression, slavery, large scale warfare, subordination of women, and epidemic disease.

gender roles in mesopotamia

Second millennia B.C.E in Mesopotamia there were various written laws that enforced patriarchal laws. In these laws was a regulation of female sexuality. Men were allowed affairs but if a women had one she would be killed. Divorce was easier for the husband. Rape was an offense to the father of the victim not the actual victim. Women under the protection and sexual control of a man were to be veiled and non respectable women like slaves and prostitutes were forbidden to wear a veil. Powerful goddesses were replaced by male deities

List some of the other theories historians have given as to why civilizations emerged.

Some histories have theorized that civilizations came to be based on the need to organize large-scale irrigation projects. Others have suggested that states were useful in protecting the privileges of favored groups therefore, civilizations were created. Robert Carneiro argued that a, growing density of population, and the competition with other societies or rival groups spiked the sudden creation of civilization.

environment in Mesopotamia

Tigris and Euphrates also rose annually but, they broke the dikes and submerged the crops instead, of nourishing them Mesopotamia was far more vulnerable to invasion as they had little serious environmental obstacles. In Sumer deforestations and the soil erosion that followed from it sharply decreased crop yields between 2400 and 1700 B.C.E. Increasing salinization of the soil was a long0term outcome of intensive irrigation. As a result wheat was largely replaced by barley. This ecological deterioration clearly weakened Sumerian city-states, facilitated their conquest by foreigners

into the americas

Took a while to settle this region for it was difficult for humans to travel through the frigid siberia. Human activity in Chile 12,500 years ago. Clovis culture flourished around 13,000 years ago across america. Diversity of cultures. Hunters continued to pursue bison while others learned to live in the desert. Those who lived near the sea and the lakes learned to live on fish. Many people continued their hunter gatherer lifestyle until modern times while others became farmers.

"the original affluent society"

contemporary paleolithic people who had more leisure time. They are called this because they wanted or needed so little. Hunting and gathering required less hours than agriculture or industry so they had more time.

agricultural village societies

early agricultural societies were those of settled village based horticultural farmers, such as those living in Banpo or Jericho. Without kings, chiefs, bureaucrats, or aristocracies. Nor is there any indication of male or female dominance. Some practiced patrilineal descent and required a woman to live in the household of her husband. Many village based agricultural societies flourished well into the modern era, usually organizing themselves in terms of kinship groups or lineages. Lineage system performed the functions of government, but without the formal apparatus of government. The absence of centralized authority, village-based lineage societies sometimes developed modest social and economic inequalities. Agricultural village societies represent an intriguing alternative to states, kingdoms, and empire.

hominid family

family of animals that could walk in two legs. As time progressed they began to evolve and after 1 million years they began to migrate out of Africa. Eventually of the hominids die out except for the humans or the homo sapiens. They are associated with the first controlled use of fire.

when did agriculture first spread of SW Asia?

spread it widely into Europe, Central Asia, Egypt, and North Africa between 6500 and 4000 b.c.e. The globalization of agriculture was a prolonged process, lasting 10,000 years or more after its first emergence in the Fertile Crescent. by the beginning of the Common Era, the global spread of agriculture had reduced gathering and hunting peoples to a small and dwindling minority of humankind.

when did the initial human settlement of the world end?

1000-1300 C.E when the austronesian people reached madagascar

List some examples of Mesopotamia and Egypt being influenced by other civilizations

1650 B.C.E egypt witnessed the migration of foreigners from surrounding regions and conflict with neighboring peoples. With this came new innovations and they adopted the new technologies. 1500 B.C.E Egypt became an imperial state bridging africa and asia ruling over substantial numbers of non egyptian people. Pastoral peoples, speaking Indo-European nad living in southern russia, domesticated horses by 4000 B.C.E and later learned to tie that powerful animal to wheeled carts and chariots. This technology created a fearsome military that threatened these ancient civilizations

hierarchies of class

Along with occupational specialization lay the vast inequalities in wealth, status, and power. Ingenuity and technology create more productive economies, greater wealth was piled up instead of spread out. Urban-based civilizations multiplied and magnified these inequalities as the more egalitarian values of earlier cultures were displaced. As the first civilizations took shape inequality and hierarchy became normal and natural. The wealthy people took the top positions in political, military, and religious life. They were frequently distinguished by their clothing, homes, and manner of burial. An at the bottom of the social hierarchy were slaves

How did writing reinforce the authority of kings and the status of the elites in society?

Writing and literacy was deemed as and elite status and it conveyed enormous prestige to those who possessed it. Writing was also used as propaganda to celebrate the great deeds of kinda. Writing also served as a way to keep track of who paid their taxes and who owed money.

civilization

More complex societies that were based in bustling cities and governed by formal states. These have long been the most powerful and innovative human communities on the planet. They gave rise to empire's, cultural and religious traditions, new technologies, etc. The earliest civilizations emerged in different locations between 3500 and 500 B.C

rise of the state

States were a distinctive feature of the first civilizations. They were organized around particular cities or larger territories. Early states were headed by kings who employed a variety of ranked officials. The power of central states was limited in the first civilizations. The state solved certain widely shared problems and therefore had a measure of voluntary support among the population. The state was more useful for some people over others as it protected the privileged of the upper classes. State gained power as they were able to accumulate resources to pay officials, soldiers, police, and attendants. State authority as well as class and gender inequalities were normal, natural, and ordained by the gods. Religion served most often to justify unequal power and privilege

How did Austronesian migrations differ from other early patterns of human movement?

The Austronesian migrations occurred quite recently dating back to about 3,500 years ago, and it happened quite rapidly. The migrations into the Pacific were also purely waterborne migrations where the peoples had to make use of canoes and their remarkable navigation skills. The Austronesians were also agricultural people who brought domesticated plants and animals with them. The people also had a definite colonization plan because, both men and women made the trek. They created stratified chiefdoms on the islands and created the extinction of native animals

How do you understand the significance of the long Paleolithic era in the larger context of world history?

The Paleolithic era is so significant because during that time humans began to migrate and settle the earth. This was the time of new innovations by humans as the humans during this time developed a specific way of life and the first settlements that take up 95% of our time on earth. The advancements and discoveries during the Paleolithic period provided the foundation needed for the rest of human history and development.

horticulture

The science or art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants.

hierarchies of gender

Women are typically subordinate to men in the family and society. Men had legal and property rights, men were warriors, rulers, scholars, and the head of a household. Men would frequently marry more than one women. Civilizations everywhere undermined the earlier and more equal relationships between genders. As the first civilizations took shape the institutions and values of male dominance emerged.

writing and accounting

Writing was a powerful and transforming innovation, and it was called a gift from the gods. Distinctive forms of writing emerged in most of the First Civilizations. Literacy defined elite status and conveyed enormous prestige to those who possessed it. In Mesopotamia and elsewhere writing served as a form of accounting. They were able to record who payed their taxes, who owed the temple what, and how much workers had earned. It strengthened bureaucracy. Complex calendars indicated precisely when certain rituals were to be performed. It also gave weight to orders, regulations, and laws. Once it was developed writing was hard to control.

chiefdoms

agricultural village societies came to be organized politically as chiefdoms, in which inherited positions of power and privilege introduced a more distinct element of inequality. Chiefs relied on their generosity or gift giving, their ritual status, or their personal charisma to persuade their followers. Chiefs led important rituals and ceremonies, organized the community for warfare, directed its economic life, and sought to resolve internal conflicts. They collected tribute from commoners in the form of food, manufactured goods, and raw materials.

globalization of agriculture

agriculture spread gradually to much of the rest of the earth, although for a long time it coexisted with gathering and hunting ways of life. Extension of farming occurred in two ways diffusion and colonization

consequences of agriculture

led to an increase in human population, as the greater productivity of agriculture was able to support much larger numbers. Human dominance over other forms of life on the planet, and human selection modified the genetic composition of numerous plants and animals. Farming involved hard work and more of it than in many earlier gathering and hunting societies so, it caused a deterioration in health with more tooth decay, malnutrition, and anemia, a shorter physical stature, and diminished life expectancy. Living close to animals subjected humans to new diseases. Living in large communities created the first epidemics. Relying on a small number of plants or animals rendered early agricultural societies vulnerable to famine, in case of crop failure, drought, or other catastrophes. The advent of agriculture bore costs as well as benefits. From agriculture came pottery, weaving, textiles, and metallurgy.

What is the one cause for the development of civilizations that historians can agree on?

Historians agree that the creation of civilizations began or had their roots in the Agricultural revolution.

order of human migration

Human migration out of Africa first reached the Middle East and from there it expanded into Europe and Asia.

In what different way did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various parts of the world?

In some areas of the world the revolution occurred quite rapidly for example, the Middle Eastern societies quickly adapted from hunting and gathering to agriculture. However, in separate parts of the world it took thousands of years like in Mesoamerica.

into eurasia

Colder ice age climates 20,000 years ago pushed people living in the north south towards the warmer areas. There they developed new technologies like spear throwers and bow and arrows. The people left scriptures of their world through paintings inside caves. Further east in Ukraine, Central Europe, and Russia new technologies emerged like bone needles, multilayered clothing, weaving nets, storage pits, baskets, and pottery. There were constructed dwellings suggested that people had lived in more permanent settlements. Distributions of human figurines suggests a network of human communication like trade routes.

gender roles in egypt

Egypt gave women more opportunities. They were legal equals, allowed to own property and slaves, allowed to sell land, initiate marriage or divorce, and make their own wills. Royal women occasionally exercised significant political power. Egypt's most famous queen Hatshepsut but, she was sometimes portrayed and dressed as a man.

rules and structures of the early paleolithic societies

Gender based divisions of labor men were hunters women were gatherers. Various rules about incest and adultery. Most relationships were monogamous because women refused to share husbands. Most people had the same set of skill except for the differences between men and women.

intensification

getting more for less, in this case more food and resources from a much smaller area of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology

kings in the ancient civilizations

King's, high officials, and their families lived in luxurious palaces, dressed in splendid clothing and jewelry, and were attended by servants. Their deaths were mourned by elaborate burials in monumental palaces and tombs. Monumental palaces, temples, ziggurats, pyramids, and statues conveyed the imposing power of the state and its elite rulers.

environment in Egypt

Nile rose every year to bring the soil and water that nurtured a rich Egyptian agriculture. More protected from invasion as it is surrounded by mountains, deserts, seas, and cataracts. Egypt created a more sustainable agricultural system that lasted for thousands of years and contributed to the remarkable continuity of its civilizations. Egyptian counterpart of the Mesopotamian irrigation was much less intrusive as it simply regulated the natural flow of the Nile. This avoided the problem of salty soils and allowed Egyptian agriculture to emphasize wheat production.

how was the slavery in ancient civilizations different from the slavery that existed in the americas?

Slavery in the ancient civilizations was much different than the slavery represented in the Americas. Slavery in the ancient civilizations was not subjected to race as slaves were often just prisoners of war, criminals, and debtors. Slaves during the ancient time were not a primary agricultural labor force like they were in the Americas. Slaves during the ancient times also had the ability the become free people whereas, in the America's people were often slaves for their whole life.

shamans

Someone who is especially skilled at dealing with the spirit worlds. They led the religious ceremonies. Often entered an altered state of consciousness or a trance while performing the ceremonies from drugs (Asia and North America)

Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life?

The climatic warming following the ice age allowed more plant and animals to flourish. With the food abundance humans were able to settle into more permanent locations. Human populations began to grow and societies found that their communities were becoming too large and complex to continue their nomadic lifestyle. It is said that people also settled in specific places in order to worship the gods.

pressures and incentives to food production

The disappearance of many large mammals, growing populations, newly settled ways of life, and fluctuations in the process of global warming.

In what ways did a gathering and hunting economy shape other aspects of Paleolithic societies?

The hunting and gathering lifestyle did not allow for surpluses in food which created and equality of wealth between people and groups . In the hunter and gatherer economy there were no dignified rulers and for the most part everyone had equal skills which created an equal society.

into the pacific

The last phase of the great human migration took place in the pacific ocean. It was everywhere a water borne migration where people took advantage of canoes and remarkable navigational skills. People were speaking austronesian languages. The voyageurs settled every habitable place in the Pacific basin within 2,500 years. This made the austronesian family of languages the most geographically widespread in the world and their trading routes 5,000 miles. They were agricultural people who brought domesticated plants and animals with them. Both men and women made these voyagers suggesting deliberate intentions to colonize new areas. Everywhere they went highly stratified chiefdoms and the quick extinction of animals followed.

how did mesopotamia influence other cultures

The old testament shows influence from Mesopotamia in the "eye for an eye" principle. People of the Mediterranean basin adopted the mesopotamian fertility goddess, sumerian cuneiform method, and their alphabet system. Indo-European peoples incorporated Sumerian deities into their own religions.

enset

a relative of the banana

quipu

a series of knotted cords, later used extensively by the Inca for accounting purposes. The color, length, type, and location of the knots conveyed numerical meaning.

secondary products revolution

further set of technological changes, beginning around 4000 b.c.e. These technological innovations involved new uses for domesticated animals, beyond their meat and hides like milking a cow. (pastoralists used this)

neolithic revoltution

new stone age revolution or the "agricultural revolution" refer to the deliberate cultivation of particular plants as well as the taming and breeding of particular animals. This was a revolutionary transformation of the human way of life

are their any written records from the neolithic and paleolithic revolution?

no

were all societies monotheistic?

no, many civilizations and societies were polytheistic. Mesopotamia believed in over 3,000 gods.

gudo mahiya

prominent person of the Hadza people in northern Tanzania

hadza

represented the very last people on earth to continue the hunter and gatherer lifestyle

what were the achievements of the paleolithic people?

settlement of the planet, creation of societies, and the beginnings of life and death. These achievements provided the foundation of all human history

what two things followed pacific migration?

the extinction of native animals and the spread of chiefdoms

variations in agriculture

the kind of Agricultural Revolution that unfolded in particular places depended very much on what happened to be available locally. The fertile crescents in the middle east suggests that the transition to a fully agricultural way of life in parts of this region took place quite quickly, within as few as 500 years. Where as, sub-Saharan Africa witnessed the emergence of several widely scattered farming practices like tef, sorghum, and enset.