Chapter 1: Basics of Anatomy and Physiology

What are the organ systems?

Integumentary; skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive

What is the pleural cavity?

around lungs

What is the pericardial cavity?

around the heart

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

atoms combine to form molecules

lateral?

away from midline

What does the appendicular region attach too?

axial region

Posterior?

back

Why is it that positive feedback systems occur less frequently than negative feedback system?

because their end result is to increase the activity (instead of initially returning back to homeostasis)

inferior?

below

What is homeostasis?

body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

What does the cranial cavity house?

brain

What is an example of positive feedback system?

breast feeding

what is physiology?

function;understand and predicts the boys response to stimuli; understand how the body maintains homeostasis

What are the divisions of anatomy?

gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy; pathologic anatomy; radiographic anatomy

What is the Axial Region?

head, neck, trunk (main vertical axis of the body)

What is in the thoracic cavity?

heart, lungs, thymus glands, esophagus, trachea

What is the function and location of skeletal muscles?

primarily responsible for moving skeleton and selected other components of the body. Location is attaches to bone or sometimes skin

What is the function and location of the cardia muscle?

pumps blood through heart and located in the heart wall

What are the three important components that a homeostatic control system must have?

receptor, control center and effector

Midsagittal Plane?

runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right halves

Transverse/Horizontal Plane?

runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom

Frontal Coronal Plane?

runs vertically and separates body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal Plane?

runs vertically and separates body into left and right

What is a negative feedback system?

self limiting, maintains the variable within a normal range by moving the stimulus in the opposite direction

What lies between the visceral membrane and the parietal membrane?

serous cavity and it is filled with serous fluid

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity lined with?

serous membranes

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?

short, striated cells typically branching: cells contain one or two centrally located nuclei; intercalated discs between cells; under voluntary control

Tissues are groups of what?

similar cells and extracellular material

What are the classification by number of cell layers?

simple epithelium stratified epithelium pseudostratified epithelium

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

deep?

toward interior of body

How many regions is the body partitioned into?

two

How many layers is the serous membrane composed of?

two layers

What is the organ level of structural organization?

two or more kinds of tissues combine to form organs

What is the anatomical position?

a person standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs hanging to the sides

What is prone?

a person lying face down

What is the posterior aspect?

contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from ventral cavity

What is the visceral membrane?

covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity

Disease disrupts homeostasis and can result in?

death

What is the mediastinum?

divides thoracic cavity into left and right

What is mesentery?

double layered membrane that covers organs and anchors them to the body

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscles, and nervous

distal?

far from point of attachment

How are anatomy and physiology integrated?

form(anatomy) and function(physiology) are interrelated, integrating the disciplines is the easiest ways to learn about both, both disciplines must use information from the other field

Anterior?

front

What is the function and location smooth muscles?

moves and propels materials through internal organs; location- walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels

What are the two categories that homeostatic control systems are separated into?

negative feedback and positive feedback

Most homeostatic systems of the body are regulated by which system?

negative feedback system

What does nervous tissue consist of?

neurons and glial cells

What is the function of the nervous tissue?

neurons: receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses glial cells: protection, nourishment and support

What is the characteristic of smooth muscles?

non striated cells that are short and fusiform in shape; contain one centrally located nucleus: under involuntary control

Coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for ______ ______

normal function

What are the characteristics of connective tissues?

-cells in a supportive matrix -most diverse, abundant, widely distributed tissue -designed to support, protect, and bind organs -all with cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

What are the characteristics of muscle tissues?

-movement -cells that contract with nervous system stimulation -contraction causing movement

How many organ systems are there?

11

What is the organism level of structural organization?

All organ system together form an organism

What are the two main regions the body is partitioned into?

Axial and Appendicular

What are the structural organization of the human body?

Chemical to Cell to Tissues to Organ to Organ Systems to Organisms

What are the divisions of microscopic anatomy?

Cytology and Histology

What is an example of how organ systems help control the internal environment so that it remains relatively constant?

Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular & urinary systems work together so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen & nutrients & so that waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level

What is the study of tissues termed?

Histology

Dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effect on what?

Other systems

What are examples of serous membranes?

Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

What are the important characteristics of homeostatic systems?

They are dynamic The control center is generally the nervous system or the endocrine system There are three components: receptor, control center, and effector They are typically regulated through negative feedback to maintain a normal value or set point It is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results, ultimately threatening an individual's survival

What area is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity?

abdominal cavity

Superior?

above

What is the ventral cavity?

anteriorly placed and partitioned by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Negative means?

any deviation from set point is made smaller or resisted

What are the divisions of Physiology?

cell physiology; respiratory physiology; neurophysiology; cardiovascular physiology; reproductive physiology; pathophysiology

What is the tissue level of structural organization?

cells and surrounding material form tissues

What are the two-part name for epithelia classification?

classification by number of cell layers and classification by shape of cells at apical surface

medial?

close to midline

proximal?

close to point of attachment

superficial?

close to surface

What are variables?

conditions that change Ex: temp, volume, chemical content

What is an example of set point?

homeostatic mechanisms like sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value

What is the set point?

ideal, normal value

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

information transfer and integration

How does serous fluid fill the serous cavity?

it is secreted by the serous membranes

What is the parietal membrane?

lines internal surface of the body walls

Skeletal muscle characteristics?

long, syndical, striated fibers (cells) arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated; fiber is under voluntary control

What is an example of negative feedback system?

maintaining normal blood pressure to ensure that tissue homeostasis is maintained

What is the serous membranes?

membrane that cover organs and line walls

What is the cell level of structural organization?

molecules make organelles and Different organelles form cells

What is the receptor?

monitors the value of a variable

For a negative feedback system, the resulting action will always be in the...

opposite direction of the stimulus

What are the characteristics of living Organisms?

organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation and reproduction

What is the control system?

part of the brain, establishes set point around which the variable is maintained

What area is inferior to the abdominopelvic cavity?

pelvic cavity

What is supine?

person lying face up

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

physical protection, selective permeability, and secretions and sensations

What is the function of connective tissue?

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune and protection

Which system is the stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs, following which, the body returns to normal

positive feedback systems

What are the body cavities grouped into?

posterior aspect and ventral cavity

What are the examples of connective tissue?

tendons and ligaments, body fat, cartilage and bone, blood

Internal organs are housed within enclosed ________ or _________

spaces, cavities

What does the vertebral canal houses?

spinal cord

What are the classification by shape of cells at apical surface?

squamous cells cuboidal cells columnar cells transitional cells

What organs are in the abdominal cavity?

stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys

The four types of tissues are varied in what?

structure and function

What is anatomy?

structure and organization; development process; microscopic organization(histology); structure of the body

What is the Abdominopelvic cavity?

subdivided into two smaller cavities by a horizontal plane at the level of the superior aspect of the hip bones

What is the effector?

such as hear, can change the value of a variable. (ex blood pressure depends on heart rate)

What are the divisions of gross anatomy?

systemic anatomy; regional anatomy; surface anatomy; embryology; comparative anatomy

For a negative feedback system, the variable is maintained within a normal level at...

the set point

Human anatomy and physiology is the study of what?

the structure and function of the body

Epithelia classification indicated by?

two-part name

What is the positive feedback system?

uncontrollable, amplifies the stimulus in the same direction

What is the appendicular region?

upper and lower limbs

What organs are in the pelvic cavity?

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

What is the organ system level of structural organization?

various organs come together to form an organ system

What are the function of the muscle tissue?

voluntary motion of body parts, contraction of the heart and propulsion of material through digestive and urinary tracts

Where is nervous tissue located?

within brain, spinal cord and nerves

What are the differences of anatomical imagining?

x-ray, ultrasound; computed tomography; digital substraction angiography; magnetic resonance imagining; positron emission tomography