Chapter 1: Basics of Anatomy and Physiology
What are the organ systems?
Integumentary; skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive
What is the pleural cavity?
around lungs
What is the pericardial cavity?
around the heart
What is the chemical level of structural organization?
atoms combine to form molecules
lateral?
away from midline
What does the appendicular region attach too?
axial region
Posterior?
back
Why is it that positive feedback systems occur less frequently than negative feedback system?
because their end result is to increase the activity (instead of initially returning back to homeostasis)
inferior?
below
What is homeostasis?
body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
What does the cranial cavity house?
brain
What is an example of positive feedback system?
breast feeding
what is physiology?
function;understand and predicts the boys response to stimuli; understand how the body maintains homeostasis
What are the divisions of anatomy?
gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy; pathologic anatomy; radiographic anatomy
What is the Axial Region?
head, neck, trunk (main vertical axis of the body)
What is in the thoracic cavity?
heart, lungs, thymus glands, esophagus, trachea
What is the function and location of skeletal muscles?
primarily responsible for moving skeleton and selected other components of the body. Location is attaches to bone or sometimes skin
What is the function and location of the cardia muscle?
pumps blood through heart and located in the heart wall
What are the three important components that a homeostatic control system must have?
receptor, control center and effector
Midsagittal Plane?
runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right halves
Transverse/Horizontal Plane?
runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom
Frontal Coronal Plane?
runs vertically and separates body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal Plane?
runs vertically and separates body into left and right
What is a negative feedback system?
self limiting, maintains the variable within a normal range by moving the stimulus in the opposite direction
What lies between the visceral membrane and the parietal membrane?
serous cavity and it is filled with serous fluid
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity lined with?
serous membranes
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?
short, striated cells typically branching: cells contain one or two centrally located nuclei; intercalated discs between cells; under voluntary control
Tissues are groups of what?
similar cells and extracellular material
What are the classification by number of cell layers?
simple epithelium stratified epithelium pseudostratified epithelium
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle
deep?
toward interior of body
How many regions is the body partitioned into?
two
How many layers is the serous membrane composed of?
two layers
What is the organ level of structural organization?
two or more kinds of tissues combine to form organs
What is the anatomical position?
a person standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs hanging to the sides
What is prone?
a person lying face down
What is the posterior aspect?
contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from ventral cavity
What is the visceral membrane?
covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity
Disease disrupts homeostasis and can result in?
death
What is the mediastinum?
divides thoracic cavity into left and right
What is mesentery?
double layered membrane that covers organs and anchors them to the body
What are the four types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscles, and nervous
distal?
far from point of attachment
How are anatomy and physiology integrated?
form(anatomy) and function(physiology) are interrelated, integrating the disciplines is the easiest ways to learn about both, both disciplines must use information from the other field
Anterior?
front
What is the function and location smooth muscles?
moves and propels materials through internal organs; location- walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels
What are the two categories that homeostatic control systems are separated into?
negative feedback and positive feedback
Most homeostatic systems of the body are regulated by which system?
negative feedback system
What does nervous tissue consist of?
neurons and glial cells
What is the function of the nervous tissue?
neurons: receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses glial cells: protection, nourishment and support
What is the characteristic of smooth muscles?
non striated cells that are short and fusiform in shape; contain one centrally located nucleus: under involuntary control
Coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for ______ ______
normal function
What are the characteristics of connective tissues?
-cells in a supportive matrix -most diverse, abundant, widely distributed tissue -designed to support, protect, and bind organs -all with cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
What are the characteristics of muscle tissues?
-movement -cells that contract with nervous system stimulation -contraction causing movement
How many organ systems are there?
11
What is the organism level of structural organization?
All organ system together form an organism
What are the two main regions the body is partitioned into?
Axial and Appendicular
What are the structural organization of the human body?
Chemical to Cell to Tissues to Organ to Organ Systems to Organisms
What are the divisions of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology and Histology
What is an example of how organ systems help control the internal environment so that it remains relatively constant?
Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular & urinary systems work together so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen & nutrients & so that waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level
What is the study of tissues termed?
Histology
Dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effect on what?
Other systems
What are examples of serous membranes?
Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
What are the important characteristics of homeostatic systems?
They are dynamic The control center is generally the nervous system or the endocrine system There are three components: receptor, control center, and effector They are typically regulated through negative feedback to maintain a normal value or set point It is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results, ultimately threatening an individual's survival
What area is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity
Superior?
above
What is the ventral cavity?
anteriorly placed and partitioned by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Negative means?
any deviation from set point is made smaller or resisted
What are the divisions of Physiology?
cell physiology; respiratory physiology; neurophysiology; cardiovascular physiology; reproductive physiology; pathophysiology
What is the tissue level of structural organization?
cells and surrounding material form tissues
What are the two-part name for epithelia classification?
classification by number of cell layers and classification by shape of cells at apical surface
medial?
close to midline
proximal?
close to point of attachment
superficial?
close to surface
What are variables?
conditions that change Ex: temp, volume, chemical content
What is an example of set point?
homeostatic mechanisms like sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value
What is the set point?
ideal, normal value
What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?
information transfer and integration
How does serous fluid fill the serous cavity?
it is secreted by the serous membranes
What is the parietal membrane?
lines internal surface of the body walls
Skeletal muscle characteristics?
long, syndical, striated fibers (cells) arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated; fiber is under voluntary control
What is an example of negative feedback system?
maintaining normal blood pressure to ensure that tissue homeostasis is maintained
What is the serous membranes?
membrane that cover organs and line walls
What is the cell level of structural organization?
molecules make organelles and Different organelles form cells
What is the receptor?
monitors the value of a variable
For a negative feedback system, the resulting action will always be in the...
opposite direction of the stimulus
What are the characteristics of living Organisms?
organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation and reproduction
What is the control system?
part of the brain, establishes set point around which the variable is maintained
What area is inferior to the abdominopelvic cavity?
pelvic cavity
What is supine?
person lying face up
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
physical protection, selective permeability, and secretions and sensations
What is the function of connective tissue?
physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune and protection
Which system is the stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs, following which, the body returns to normal
positive feedback systems
What are the body cavities grouped into?
posterior aspect and ventral cavity
What are the examples of connective tissue?
tendons and ligaments, body fat, cartilage and bone, blood
Internal organs are housed within enclosed ________ or _________
spaces, cavities
What does the vertebral canal houses?
spinal cord
What are the classification by shape of cells at apical surface?
squamous cells cuboidal cells columnar cells transitional cells
What organs are in the abdominal cavity?
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys
The four types of tissues are varied in what?
structure and function
What is anatomy?
structure and organization; development process; microscopic organization(histology); structure of the body
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity?
subdivided into two smaller cavities by a horizontal plane at the level of the superior aspect of the hip bones
What is the effector?
such as hear, can change the value of a variable. (ex blood pressure depends on heart rate)
What are the divisions of gross anatomy?
systemic anatomy; regional anatomy; surface anatomy; embryology; comparative anatomy
For a negative feedback system, the variable is maintained within a normal level at...
the set point
Human anatomy and physiology is the study of what?
the structure and function of the body
Epithelia classification indicated by?
two-part name
What is the positive feedback system?
uncontrollable, amplifies the stimulus in the same direction
What is the appendicular region?
upper and lower limbs
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine
What is the organ system level of structural organization?
various organs come together to form an organ system
What are the function of the muscle tissue?
voluntary motion of body parts, contraction of the heart and propulsion of material through digestive and urinary tracts
Where is nervous tissue located?
within brain, spinal cord and nerves
What are the differences of anatomical imagining?
x-ray, ultrasound; computed tomography; digital substraction angiography; magnetic resonance imagining; positron emission tomography