Chapter 1

tolerate uncertainty

"I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate?

Eight Essential Critical-Thinking Guidelines

1. Ask Questions; Be Willing to Wonder 2. Define Your Terms 3. Examine the Evidence 4. Analyze Assumptions and Biases 5. Avoid Emotional Reasoning 6. Don't Oversimplify 7. Consider Other Interpretations 8. Tolerate Uncertainty

2 Sub perspective in the Learning Perspective

1. Behavioral 2. Social-Cognitive

4 major perspective in psychology (textbook 4)

1. Biological 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Sociocultural

biology and culture.

According to your text, greater attention to two processes has helped to integrated different fields of psychology. Those processes are:

structuralism

An early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements.

functionalism

An early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness.

developmental

Jacob studies how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially. He is a(n) _______________ psychologist.

phrenology

The now-discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull

basic psychology

The study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application.

applied psychology

The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings.

structuralist ; functionalist

Two psychologists walk into a bar. Each orders a beer. One psychologist, Theodore, comments "Look at that golden nectar . . . the bubbles, the foam, the slight fruit notes on my tongue, the amber color!" The other psychologist, Franklin, says "This will make me feel less stressed." Theodore is most likely a __________ psychologist, while Franklin is most likely a __________ psychologist.

psychotherapist

simply anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy

2 Sub perspective in the Sociocultural Perspective

1. Social Psychology 2. Cultural Psychology

evolutionary psychology

A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior.

basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research is done to solve practical problems.

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that:

feminist psychology

A psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes.

biological perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts.

learning perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.

cognitive perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.

sociocultural perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

Psychoanalysis (definition)

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

Cultural Psychology

Cultural norms, values, and expectations

critical thinking.

Defining your terms is an essential part of:

psychiatrist.

Dr. Smith is a psychotherapist and is treating a patient for depression. As part of her treatment plan, she has prescribed several drugs to the patient. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Smith is a:

information gathered from scientific observation, experimentation, or measurement

Empirical evidence comes from:

Behavioral Perspective

Environmental determinants of observable behavior

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Environmental influences, observation and imitation, beliefs and values

few of the major nonclinical specialties in psychology listed in the textbook

Experimental psychologists, Educational psychologists, Developmental psychologists, Industrial/organizational psychologists, Psychometric psychologists

doctoral degree

In almost all states, a _______________ is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology.

Evolutionary psychology

Humans can accurately recognize a smile from a greater distance than they can other facial expressions of emotion. One explanation for this finding is that being able to predict, accurately and quickly, that an approaching person has good intentions contributed to the development of cooperation among humans and the development of society. On which perspective n psychology is this explanation based?

learning or behavioral

Professor King approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes the rewards and punishments that maintain certain specific behaviors. He does not invoke the mind to explain behavior but sticks to what he can observe and measure directly. It is most likely that he accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

Sigmund Freud's approach

Psychoanalysis

Empirical

Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

Social Psychology

Social rules and roles, groups, relationships

Critical thinking

The ability and willingness to assess claims and make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote.

Psychology (textbook)

The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment; the term is often represented by °, the Greek letter psi (usually pronounced "sy").

in the 1800s.

The formal discipline of psychology, as we know it today, began:

People often confuse clinical psychologist with three other terms:

psychotherapist, psychoanalyst, and psychiatrist

examine the evidence

Which of the following is one of the eight essential critical-thinking guidelines?

Psychoanalysis

Which school of thought in psychology emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind?

A functionalism leader

William James

learning

With which of the following psychological perspectives is the term "behaviorist" most closely associated?

Functionalism

_______________ emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description.

Wilhelm Wundt

_______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879.

Sigmund Freud

_______________ founded the field of psychoanalysis.

Structuralism

_______________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind.

Industrial/organizational

_______________ psychologists are concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, and many such issues.

Experimental

_______________ psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition.

psychoanalyst

a person who practices one particular form of therapy: psychoanalysis

Experimental psychologists

conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition

Psychometric psychologists

design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality.

counseling psychologists

generally help people deal with problems of everyday life

psychiatrist

medical doctor (MD) who has completed a 3 year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders

Wilhelm Wundt's approach

structuralism

Industrial/organizational psychologists

study behavior in the workplace

Developmental psychologists

study how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially.

Educational psychologists

study psychological principles that explain learning and search for ways to improve educational systems.

clinical psychologists

who diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems

school psychologists

who work with parents, teachers, and students to enhance students' performance and resolve emotional difficulties.