Exam 2
The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings is called:
Artificial intelligence.
Sustainable development:
Balances economic and environmental considerations.
By promoting the use of clean cookstoves in developing nations, a global alliance hopes to reduce:
Black carbon.
Managers' understanding of government regulations is:
Both a domestic and international issue.
MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:
Both to uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences and to identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.
When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:
Brand differentiation.
Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data?
Broadcast radio.
A CIO is the company's:
Chief information officer.
Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?
Choosing less harmful products.
General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:
Clean technology.
Life-cycle analysis involves:
Collecting information regarding the lifelong environmental impact of a product, from extraction to disposal.
Deregulation has occurred in the following industries:
Commercial airlines, railroads, and financial institutions.
A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):
Commons.
A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?
Constituency-building.
One major advantage of conducting business online is:
Cost-effective marketing and promotions
Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:
Cybercrime.
This annual international gathering on January 28 brought together leaders from the U.S. and dozens of European countries to address the global nature of cyberattacks:
Data Privacy Day.
Since 2008, the total amount spent on lobbying activity has:
Decreased slightly.
With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:
Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years.
Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?
Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties.
Buying and selling goods and services electronically is called:
E-business.
Lobbyists, under U.S. law, must disclose their:
Earnings and expenses.
Which of the following are examples of natural monopolies?
Electric utilities and railroads.
One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:
Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.
The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:
General Data Protection Regulation.
Software piracy is a major problem in which part of the world?
Globally
The annual EPA report Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is an example of which environmental policy type?
Information disclosure.
In the case Political Action by the U.S. Steel Industry, 2015-2018, what is one reason that foreign-made steel prices were so much lower than U.S. steel?
Many foreign governments subsidized their steel industries.
When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called:
Market failure.
M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by:
Mobile or cell phones.
Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation's currency are:
Monetary policies.
The role of the CIO includes all of these tasks except:
Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.
In the United States, the right to free speech:
Must be weighed against the consequences for the community.
An example of an economic regulatory agency is:
National Labor Relations Board.
In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?
North Korea.
Which of these activities is not considered to be a marine ecosystem threat?
Ocean alkalinity.
The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience is called:
Omnichannel.
Which of the following statements is not true about the population?
Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.
The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called:
Phishing
One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is
Political action committee contributions.
A common tactic in a financial-incentive political strategy is:
Political contributions.
Environmental justice is a movement to:
Prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.
The beverage industry's partnership Refrigerants Naturally! is attempting to:
Reduce the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.
In Japan's pluralistic public policy process, who are the major participants?
Representatives of big business, agriculture, and labor.
Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:
Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.
We are currently in which phase in the development of technology?
Semantic
Total social regulation costs are:
Significantly higher than total economic regulation costs.
Around the world, government:
Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business.
Which country has made the greatest progress in reducing its solid waste stream?
Sweden.
When environmentally proactive companies seek out imaginative, innovative new methods for reducing pollution and increasing efficiency, they are adopting which strategy?
Technological innovation.
The self-reinforcing feature of technology means that:
Technology acts as a multiplier to encourage its own faster development.
This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.
Technology.
Reregulation is:
The increase or expansion of government regulation.
Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:
Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken.
One argument in favor of net neutrality is:
To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.
Dark money refers to:
Undisclosed contributions to tax-exempt organizations.
European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:
Unfair competition.
Microsoft launched a program in 2017 to bring the Internet to more of rural America using:
Unused broadcast channels.
Regulation can be argued as justified based on:
Utilitarian and justice grounds.
Businesses promote an information strategy by inviting government leaders to:
Visit local plant facilities. Attend company award ceremonies. Give speeches to employees.
Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:
White hatters.
Economists reported that the costs of regulatory compliance were highest for:
Worker safety.
The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as:
intellectual property.
A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:
A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.
The Mullahs in Iran is an example of the power of government derived from:
A religious authority.
Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?
Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.
Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:
All of society.
As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?
$7 million.
An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:
A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.
The term circular economy refers to:
A production system that is regenerative by design.
Sustainability leaders have found that the most effective environmental management approach involves:
A team of line managers from across the business organization.
The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:
Africa.
Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage?
All of these answers are correct.
Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks?
All of these answers are correct.
Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)?
All of these answers are correct.
Global warming can be described by which of the following?
All of these answers are correct.
Many rapid changes in technology over the past few decades were facilitated by:
All of these answers are correct.
Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:
All of these answers are correct.
Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because:
All of these answers are correct.
The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)
All of these answers are correct.
The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because:
All of these answers are correct.
Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:
Balance the relationship between business and society.
A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:
Behavioral addiction.
In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?
Both of these answers are correct: "To impose religious or ideological views" and "To suppress political dissent."
What are the benefits of sequencing the human genome?
Both of these answers are correct: Helps early diagnosis of diseases; spurs new ways to prevent illnesses.
An example of codes of environmental conduct that have been developed by and for specific industries include:
Both of these answers are correct: The Equator Principles; and The Forest Stewardship Principles.
Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?
Brand.
Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?
Breaking up a monopoly.
The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:
Coalition building. Direct lobbying. Fund raising.
Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except:
Corporate restructuring.
Being able to continue their activities indefinitely, without altering the carrying capacity of the Earth's ecosystem, is a characteristic of:
Ecologically sustainable organizations.
Which of the following is not a constituency-building strategy tool?
Expert witness testimony.
As of 2017 the volume of global spam email messages has declined primarily due to:
Increased anti-spam protections.
An argument in support of preventing government access to private cell phones, according to the case To lock or Unlock Your Phone: Personal Privacy or National Security, is:
Individuals have rights to privacy and safety.
The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is:
Industrial
Advocacy ads are also called:
Issue advertisements.
Which of the following is not true about water pollution?
It can be caused by biodegradable products.
The Toxic Substances Control Act is accurately described by which of the following?
It established a national policy to regulate, restrict, and, if necessary, ban toxic chemicals.
Arable land is accurately described by which statement?
It is a renewable resource.
Ecologically sustainable organizations are accurately explained by which of these descriptions?
Making and transporting products using minimal energy.
In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?
Physical goods.
To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:
Promote fairness in the electoral process.
Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis?
Rapid industrialization.
The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:
Regulation.
Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:
Regulatory impact analysis.
In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:
Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy.
Invasion of privacy through technology is best exemplified by:
Your car's GPS tracking you at every location.
In the 1980s, corn and soybeans were genetically modified, enabling farmers to spray for weeds without harming cultivated plants. At first, these changes were:
expected to increase crop yields per acre.
The digital divide describes the gap between those:
individuals who have Internet access through technology and those who do not.
Firms in the chemical industry, which must contend with frequently changing environmental regulations and the risk of dangerous accidents, usually have:
A sophisticated political strategy.
Another name for unsolicited commercial emails is:
All of these answers are correct.
Companies that cultivate a vision of sustainability must adopt sophisticated strategic planning techniques to:
Allow their top manager to assess the full range of the firm's effects on the environment.
One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:
Bitcoin.
The antitrust enforcement agencies in the United States have the legal authority to:
Block anticompetitive mergers in the U.S.
The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):
Both of these answers are correct: Economic development must be accomplished sustainably; and poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.
By raising and lowering the interest rates at which private banks borrow money from the government, the Federal Reserve Bank:
Both of these answers are correct: Influences the size of the nation's money supply; and influences the value of the dollar.
When a firm solicits its stockholders for political contributions for a particular candidate by letter and then sends those contributions to the candidate on behalf of its stockholders, it is called:
Bundling.
Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:
Business. Special interest groups. Government.
An organization that produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is achieving:
Carbon neutrality.
Which political action strategy seeks to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence policymakers?
Constituency-building strategy.
The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:
Cyberspace.
The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:
Developing national conservation strategies.
The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:
Ecological footprint.
The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of their products or services, even after they are sold, is called:
Extended product responsibility.
According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to:
Extract crude oil and gas.
An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:
Federal Trade Commission.
In a survey of 105 companies in 2017, the most frequent public affairs tactic was related to:
Federal government relations.
Patterns of government taxing and spending that are intended to stimulate or support the economy are:
Fiscal policies.
Over time the role of the CIO:
Has become more integrated into the overall strategic direction of the firm.
One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:
If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.
Expert witness testimony is often collected:
In congressional hearings.
The information phase of technology primarily requires:
Intellectual and electronic skills.
Increased cyber activity by which countries prompted NATO officials to brand them as "patriotic hackers"?
Iran and China.
When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:
Legal challenges.
The information strategy tool most used by business is:
Lobbying.
The process of firms buying and selling the right to pollute is an example of which type of environmental regulation?
Market-based.
Sustainable development through technology cooperation is best illustrated by:
Microsoft provided the Jane Goodall Institute with animal tracking tools.
A firm in the pollution prevention stage of the corporate environmental responsibility model is best described by which statement?
Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created.
Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?
Preventing anticompetitive business practices.
Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?
Product stewardship stage.
A large sporting goods store that raised the age for purchase of some firearms in response to public concerns for gun control were seen by detractors as:
Risking their reputation by engaging in politics.
Natural capital refers to the world's:
Supply of geology, soil, air, water, and all living things.
In 2016, the Global Electoral Organization (GEO) discussed which critical election administration issues?
The use of technology to increase accountability.
Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?
Their sentence would likely be lighter.
Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:
They encounter a common problem or enemy.
According to an Oxford University study, what percentage of current jobs were expected to be overtaken by robots in the next two decades?
About 50 percent.
Past decisions of the courts, the original basis for the U.S. legal system, are called:
Common laws.
In the United States, most solid waste ends up:
In landfills.
Which of the following statements is not true with respect to acid rain?
Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere.
Antitrust laws protect consumers from:
Anticompetitive practices by business.