Chapter 1 Introduction

The scientific method in order

1. Conceptualize a problem or process that needs to be solved 2. Collect data 3. Analyze data 4. Draw conclusions

Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?

An institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation

Which of Erikson's stages involves infants and toddlers beginning to assert their sense of independence?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

_____ -cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

Cross

_______ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Sharon is 4 years old and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ________ ________ period of development.

Early childhood

Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?

Early childhood

According to ________, 8 stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.

Erikson

The ________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

T/F: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False Reason: The focus of life-span development is from conception (birth) to death

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language. Which developmental period is Waylon most likely in?

Infancy

________ is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.

Infancy

Confidentiality

Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes _________.

Interact as people develop

What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?

Laboratory research

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

Phallic Oral Latency Genital Anal

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Select all that apply) a. Piaget's developmental theory b. Erikson's psychosocial theory c. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory d. Information-processing theory

Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Information-processing theory

The ________ period of development is the time from conception to birth.

Prenatal

________ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

________ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time.

Psychological

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as __________.

a biological and genetic perspective

Descriptive

aims to observe and record behavior

Correlational

aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave

Experimental

aims to understand causality

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ________.

an environment perspective on how people develop

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ________ and continues _______.

at conception; through the human life span

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it _________. a. has a researcher who is from a different culture than the participants b. compares multiple cultures c. encompasses all elements of a particular culture d. involves a diverse group of participants

b. compares multiple cultures

Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? (Select all that apply) a. it states that social interaction plays a large role b. it states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes c. it consists of eight stages d. it consists of four stages

b. it states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes d. it consists of four stages

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? (Select all that apply) a. the stages must be passed through without overgratification or undergratification, or fixation will occur b. there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential c. there is a crisis that must be resolved d. a person must experience disequilibrium in order to move to the next stage

b. there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential c. there is a crisis that must be resolved

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (Select all that apply) a. it ends once one enters late adulthood b. it begins at birth c. it occurs throughout life d. it involves growth and change

c. it occurs throughout life d. it involves growth and change

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? (Select all that apply) a. chronosystem b. microsystem c. macrosystem d. exosystem e. mesosystem f. biosystem

chronosystem microsystem macrosystem mesosystem exosystem

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all _________ theories.

cognitive

The prenatal period is the time from

conception to birth

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______.

continuity in development

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _______ approach.

cross-sectional

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4 year olds, 6 year olds, 8 year olds, and 10 year olds. This is an example of ________.

cross-sectional study

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people? a. ethinicity b. race c. socioeconomic status d. culture

d. culture

Life-span _____ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception.

development

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that _________.

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as _______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an _______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

According to ________, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Deception

for study purposes, participants are not told everything in advanced because it would change their behavior and alter data. this is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Select all that apply) a. Erikson's psychosocial theory b. information-processing theory c. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory d. Piaget's developmental theory

information-processing theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's developmental theory

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what is important in the study of life-span development?

it is important to study growth as well as decline when studying the life-span

A(n) ______ environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

Cognitive

language and intelligence

When does Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development occur?

late infancy

Melissa is intrigued with how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She could learn about the subject by studying the field of human development called _____ development.

life-span

A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as _______ research.

observational

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely _______.

observational research

Freud's 5 psychosexual stages of development are: _______, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

oral

Informed consent

participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. they must be told that they have the right to withdraw

Debriefing

participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended

Biological

physical stature

What are the four ways of measuring age? (Select all that apply) a. psychological b. social c. philosophical d. chronological e. biological

psychological, social, chronological, and biological

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

Socioemotional

relationships with others

The ________ method consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific

A person's _______ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles that individuals adopt.

social

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 main types of research designs? a. descriptive research b. standardized research c. correlational research d. experimental research

standardized research

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ________.

the unconscious

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of _________ versus _______.

trust; mistrust