chapter 1 introduction to criminal justice
Discuss the criminal justice process beginning with the police and moving into both the courts and corrections. Discuss where you see yourself as an employee within the context of the process and explain why
: Answers may vary. The process includes a crime committed, reported, investigation, arrest, booking, probable cause, due process, evidence, prosecution, initial appearance, bail, preliminary hearing, diversion, judge dismisses charges, grand jury, indictment, arraignment, motion, trial, punishment, sentence, appeal, institutionalized, probation, parole, community corrections.
President Bush implemented the War on Terrorism after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Discuss if you believe that since this time it has been effective. If so, how and if not why not?
Answers may vary. Students should consider expanded wiretaps, expanded search and seizure, expanded powers of foreign nationals, and people choosing safety over liberty.
Which one of the following events below is evidence to that the American colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences?
Cesare Lombroso's theory
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior.
Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools and substandard housing during the early part of the 20th century, hence criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to ________.
Shaw and McKay
The central tenant of the positivist school of criminology is that ________.
a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors
Lombroso was influenced in his research by Darwin's theory of ________
adaptation
arraignment
at what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges?
Cesare Lombroso and Richard Dugdale were proponents of ________.
biological determinism
Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is ________.
controlled by subconscious desires
the war on terrorism has lessened the powers of police in conducting search and seizures
false
war on terrorism
following the events of september 11, 2001, then president bush declared a
classical
free-will choice
the criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing
in 1967 president Johnson's commission on law enforcement and administration of justice concluded that
________ assumes a division between the poor (workers) and the rich (property owners and capitalists) in which the rich control the various social, political, and economic institutions of society.
marxism
The definition of ________ is the study of human social behavior.
sociology
social
sociology is the study of human _____ behavior
roper v simmons
what was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?
crime
what was viewed as most serious problem in the united states according to gallop poll in 1965?
weeks v. united states
which US supreme court decision established the exclusionary rule?
Explain the differences between a preliminary hearing and a grand jury hearing
A preliminary hearing is a court hearing before a magistrate judge in which the prosecution must convince the judge that there is probable cause that (1) an offense as defined by the criminal laws of the jurisdiction has been committed within that jurisdiction and (2) the defendant accused of the offense committed the crime. A grand jury is a legal procedure that in some ways resembles a trial. Often the defense counsel is barred. Similar to the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor presents evidence to the members of the grand jury to convince them that the defendant probably committed the offense. The grand jury does not determine guilt, but if the prosecutor is successful, the grand jury returns a true bill. This authorizes the prosecutor to arraign the defendant. If the prosecutor is not successful, he or she cannot proceed to an arraignment. While not a common practice, the prosecutor can switch from a probable cause hearing to grand jury or vice versa in an attempt to obtain an indictment.
The differential association theory believes that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior and was created by ________.
Edwin Sutherland
Compare and contrast the due process model to the crime control model.
Efficient and effective justice, law and order, community safety, swift punishments are goals of the crime control model. Due process focuses on protection from arbitration, excessive use of power by the government, procedures and rules through the judicial process.
Discuss and compare the differences between informal sanctions and formal sanctions.
Informal sanctions are social norms enforced through family, school, government, and religion; Expected normal behavior. Formal sanctions are promoted through social order and the common welfare. Laws are formal sanctions.
Explain the difference between sociology and criminology.
Sociology is the study of human social behavior while criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. While criminology can include the study of the criminal justice system, criminal justice has evolved into a distinctively different discipline from criminology
Explain the presumption of innocence with regards to the due rights process.
The central premise of due process rights is the presumption of innocence. Regardless of overwhelming evidence against the accused, the court proceeds on the presumption that until the guilt of the accused is proven beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law, the defendant is
true bill
a decision issued by a grand jury authorizing the prosecutor to arraign the defendant is called a _____
system of social control
a social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n)
Which of the following is a variable that criminologists believe influences criminal behavior? Choose the best answer.
all of the above
Due process rights are rights guaranteed to persons by the Constitution and its ________.
amendments
Lombroso concluded that criminals were cases of ________, the failure to develop into modern men and women
atavism
________ focuses on research into the roles played by genetic and neurophysiological variables as they relate to criminal behavior
biocriminology
determination
biological, chemical or genetic factor
Prior to the ________ Rights Act of 1964, businesses, hotels, restaurants, and public transportation could and did refuse service with impunity to citizens of color.
civil
the civil rights movement
civil disobedience was a tactic used by activists in which of the following?
The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes is known as the ________ school.
classical
A system of social ________ is designed to maintain order and regulate interactions.
control
As illustrated in the picket fence model, the criminal justice system is commonly divided into three sub-components: police, courts, and ________.
corrections
The definition of ________ is the state of two variables being associated with each other in that when one increases, the other increases or decreases in a predictable pattern.
correlation
Freudian theory argues that ________.
crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished
Edwin sutherland
differential association theory
Which perspective emphasized that a person's criminal nature was an inherited characteristic?
early biological theories
due process
ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by government is known as
Early theories from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw the cause of criminality as moral weakness and ________ spirits
evil
Conflict theories are based on the assumption that individuals lose self-control
false
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were proponents of the concentric zone model.
false
Shaw and McKay developed the theory of differential association.
false
Sigmund Freud argued that criminal behavior is a free will choice.
false
Sigmund Freud was considered a leading criminologist in his era
false
The belief that the punishment should fit the crime is a tenant of the positivist school.
false
a first appearance is a formal request by the prosecution or the defense for a ruling on a particular matter
false
during the 1960s and 1970s Gallup surveys showed respondents felt the police were doing an excellent job maintaining social order and suppressing crime
false
in a bench trial, the jury has the authority to determine the sentence if the defendant is found guilty
false
the 4th amendment states that powers not delegated to the US are reserved to the individual states
false
the emphasis on efficient and effective justices is known as the due process model of crime control
false
the judge performs an extensive life history and background investigation on convicted defendants sentenced to probation
false
the process and flow of an offender through the criminal justice system is overseen by one agency
false
The ________ Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibited local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.
fourteenth
in some felony cases, the _____ jury hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial
grand
Feminist theory advocates hypothesize that the ________ of politics and economics is at the root of female criminal behavior
inequality
________ sanctions include social norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school, government, and religion.
informal
The concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology?
labeling theory
Jeremy Bentham is noted for developing the ________ school of criminology
neoclassical
Sigmund freud
psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?
psychoanalytic theory
Lower class youth who reject middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture is termed ________.
reaction formation
________ norms are the unwritten rules of society.
social
Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics
social disorganization
sociological
socioeconomic factors, peer interactions, learned behavior, conflict between different group values
Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is not a choice of free will but rather driven by ________ desires
subconscious
psychological
subconscious influence
the original ____ amendments added to the US Constitution were named the Bill of Rights
ten
criminal justice system
the _____ can be divided into law enforcement, prosecutors and the courts, probation and parole, and jails
a picket fence
the author suggests in an analogy that the criminal justice system's various levels of government operations are separate, but linked together in comparison to a
adjudication
the guilt of the defendant is determined through trial, plea-bargaining, or dismissal of charges, which is what stage of the criminal process?
Causal variables are variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships.
true
Feminist criminology assumes that the underlying cause of criminal behavior by females is the inequality of power between men and women.
true
Feminist criminology assumes the cause of criminality among females is the inequality of power between men and women.
true
Most criminologists agree there is one major theory, which explains the majority of crime
true
Social determinism is the idea that social forces are the root cause of crime
true
The neutralization theory purports that criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through rationalization.
true
The purpose of a theory is to define and explain the factors that influence or determine behavior and how the factors interrelate
true
Thorsten Sellin believed that the criminal laws of society reflect normative values of the dominant culture or ethnic group.
true
Those who advocate conflict theories and class and power inequality as the causes of crime are known as radical criminologists
true
a social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions is known as a system of social control
true
criminology is described as the theories that explain why and how laws are made, why some people violate those laws, and how society responds to those who break the laws
true
in felony cases, a grand jury may be used to decide whether there is sufficient probable cause to indict someone
true
the 5th amendment provides for protection against self incrimination
true
the 8th amendment to the US constitution states that the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy trial
true
the central premise of due process rights is the presumption of innocence
true
the defendant responds to the charges at arraignment
true
the first ten amendments (bill of rights) to the US constitution delineate guaranteed freedoms such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, and the right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure
true
the goal of law enforcement education program was to promote education among criminal justice personnel
true
civil rights act of 1964
which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizens service based upon their race?
crime control model
which model emphasizes public order, and swift, efficient, and effective justice?
declining birth rate
which of the following is NOT a phenomenon that has driven interest in the criminal justice system?
to establish the identity of a person
which of the following is a purpose for booking a suspect into jail?
grand jury
which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial
the prosecutor
who has the authority to ultimately decide what charges will be filed against the defendant?
Which theory is based on the belief that structural factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of schooling, and unemployment are powerful forces that influence levels of crime?
zone theory
