Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - ML4
The nurse is caring for a client that states, "This is so stressful. I have to smoke marijuana to bring myself some peace." What behavior does the nurse identify this client is experiencing? A first pass effect A psychological dependence A hypersensitivity reaction A physical dependence
A psychological dependence Explanation: The client is experiencing a psychological dependence to marajuana and is using the drug as a maladaptive coping mechanism to deal with stress. A physical dependence is a habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation. A first pass effect is an action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general bloodstream. A hypersensitivity reaction is an undesirable reaction produced by a normal immune system. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
The nurse is caring for a group of clients involved in phase 3 of a drug study. Which tasks is the nurse supposed to perform in clinical testing? (Select all that apply.) Address how clients feel about the clinical trial. Note the pharmacologic and biologic effects of the drug carefully. Prepare the IND application for the manufacturer. Conduct postmarketing surveillance to monitor the drug for safety.
Address how clients feel about the clinical trial. Note the pharmacologic and biologic effects of the drug carefully. Explanation: The nurse needs to address all the issues that bother volunteers during the clinical testing phase as well as document necessary dosage proportion and the pharmacologic and biologic effects of the drug. It is the FDA that conducts postmarketing surveillance to monitor drugs for safety and approve new drug applications. As a nurse, the nurse should not impede the activities of the FDA. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 9
While preparing an in-service presentation for nursing staff, a nurse reviews Joint Commission performance measures related to safety in drug administration. The nurse's presentation will correctly identify which drug type as being subject to these performance measures? Anesthetics Anticoagulants Antipsychotics Analgesics
Anticoagulants Explanation: According to the Joint Commission, health care institutions that provide anticoagulant therapy must establish a defined process that has a positive impact on client safety with this class of medications. This is not necessarily true when considering the other options. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
When considering controlled substances, what actions are considered nursing responsibilities? (Select all that apply.) Reporting discrepancies in the controlled substance inventory to the prescribing providers Keeping accurate recordings of the administration of prescribed controlled substances Assuring that the controlled substances in safely stored in locked containers Determining appropriate alternative for medications that are not managing the signs and symptoms Assuring that the inventory of narcotics is accurate and sufficient for patient needs
Assuring that the controlled substances in safely stored in locked containers Keeping accurate recordings of the administration of prescribed controlled substances Assuring that the inventory of narcotics is accurate and sufficient for patient needs Explanation: Nurses are responsible for storing controlled substances in locked containers, administering them only to people for whom they are prescribed, recording each dose given on agency narcotic sheets and on the client's medication administration record, maintaining an accurate inventory, and reporting discrepancies to the proper authorities, not the prescribing providers. The nurse is responsible for administering a controlled substance only to the client for whom it has been prescribed. Nursing responsibilities do not include providing alternative therapies. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 11
A physician has ordered subcutaneous injections of morphine every 4 hours as needed for pain for a motor vehicle accident victim. Morphine has a high abuse potential and is categorized in which class of drugs? C-IV C-III C-II C-I
C-II Explanation: Narcotics such as morphine are considered C-II drugs because of the high abuse potential with severe dependence liability. C-I drugs have high abuse potential and are not accepted for medical use. C-III drugs have a lesser abuse potential than C-II drugs and an accepted medical use. C-IV drugs have a low abuse potential and limited dependence liability. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
A nurse is preparing to administer a cough syrup containing codeine to a client. The nurse understands that this drug would be classified as which schedule of a controlled substance? C-V C-IV C-II C-III
C-V Explanation: Small amounts of narcotics such as codeine used as antitussives (cough suppressants) or antidiarrheal agents are classified as schedule V (C-V) controlled substances, which indicates that there is little abuse potential. Schedule II (C-II) drugs, such as narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates, have a high abuse potential. Schedule III (C-III) drugs, such as nonbarbiturate sedatives or nonamphetamine stimulants, have less abuse potential than C-II. Schedule IV (C-IV) drugs, such as some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and non narcotic analgesics, have less abuse potential than C-III drugs. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
Which legislation classified drugs according to potential for abuse? Orphan Drug Act Controlled Substances Act Pure Food and Drug Act Durham-Humphrey Amendment
Controlled Substances Act Explanation: The Controlled Substances Act defined drug abuse and classified drugs according to their potential for abuse. The Orphan Drug Act provided incentives for the development of orphan drugs for treatment of rare diseases. The Pure Food and Drug Act prevented the marketing of adulterated drugs. The Durham-Humphrey Amendment tightened control of certain drugs. Reference: Karch, A. M., & Tucker, R. G., Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 8th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2020, Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs.
A client is started on aripiprazole and the nurse notices the client is experiencing dry mouth and nasal congestion. What intervention does the nurse teach the client to minimize the side effects of the medication? Discuss feelings of nervousness or restlessness. Calling the prescriber for an anticholinergic medication. Drinking frequent sips of water. Consume the medication with food.
Drinking frequent sips of water. Explanation: Dry mouth and nasal congestion are generalized system reactions of aripiprazole. To relieve dry mouth, take frequent sips of water, suck on hard candy, or chew gum. Consuming more food will not address the dry mouth concern. The client is not feeling nervousness or restlessness. Calling the prescriber for an anticholinergic medication will exacerbate the dry mouth and nasal congestion issues. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 5
Prescription practices of primary health care providers for controlled substances are monitored by which agency? World Health Organization (WHO) Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Food and Drug Agency (FDA) U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP)
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Explanation: The Drug Enforcement Agency is responsible for monitoring prescription practices for controlled substances of the primary health care provider. The FDA monitors all drug development. The USP organization sets standards for the identity, strength, quality, and purity of medicines, food ingredients, and dietary supplements manufactured, distributed and consumed worldwide. The World Health Organizations represents the entire world and does not monitor controlled substances of primary health care providers.
A 22-year-old man has been accepted as a participant in a drug trial while his female friend of the same age was rejected. What is the most likely rationale for this decision? Men are less likely to experience adverse effects of the drug. Risks of toxicity are slightly higher for females. Drugs pose a risk to the woman's ova. Men as a group typically have homogeneous body builds and tissue mass.
Drugs pose a risk to the woman's ova. Explanation: Women are not good candidates for phase I studies because the chemicals may exert unknown and harmful effects on a woman's ova, involving too much risk. Women do not make new ova, so once damaged, the ova will not be replaced, while men make new sperm daily, so there is less potential for damage. Men's bodies are just as varied as women's bodies. Men are not less likely to experience any adverse effects of the drug. Risks of toxicity are not higher among women. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 8
Genetic engineering allows scientists to produce human insulin by altering which type of bacteria? Klebsiella Escherichia coli Pseudomonas Beta strep
Escherichia coli Explanation: Genetic engineering permits scientists to produce human insulin by altering Escherichia coli bacteria, making insulin a better product without some of the impurities that accompany animal products. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 7
Which agency evaluates drugs that have completed phase III? Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) American Medical Association
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Explanation: The FDA evaluates drugs that finish phase III studies. The FDA relies on committees of experts familiar with the specialty area in which the drugs will be used. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 8
The nurse is currently participating in phase IV of a clinical study of a chemotherapeutic drug. What action would the nurse be expected to perform during this phase of testing? Gathering data from clients taking the drug after it has been released to market. Publicizing the therapeutic benefits of the drug to cancer support groups. Administering the drug to clients who have a diagnosis of cancer. Recruiting a small number of healthy volunteers to take the drug.
Gathering data from clients taking the drug after it has been released to market. Explanation: Phase IV study involves continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing. Publicity is not a component of the approval process. Healthy volunteers are needed in phase I, and the clients who actually have the disease in question are involved in phase II. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
Which statement made by the nurse best explains how pharmacotherapy relates to client care? It involves the dispensing of drugs that alter functions of living organisms and so improves client health. It focuses on the use of semisynthetic drugs that have been chemically modified to manage disease processes. It provides a standard with which newer, similar drugs are compared for the purpose of disease management and prevention." It uses drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat symptoms and disease processes.
It uses drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat symptoms and disease processes. Explanation: Pharmacotherapy includes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease processes. Dispensing of drugs and providing a standard of care are only some of the aspects of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy is not limited to the use of any particular type or classification of drug. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 4
A client is being treated with phenytoin for treatment of seizures. What should the nurse monitor to prevent toxic reactions to drugs in a client? Monitor the seizure activity. Monitor urination frequency. Monitor blood pressure. Monitor client's blood level of the drug.
Monitor client's blood level of the drug. Explanation: The nurse should monitor the client's blood level of the drug to ensure that the level remains within the therapeutic range. Monitoring seizure activity, urination frequency, and blood pressure will not prevent toxicity. It may help measure the client's progress with regard to the treatment. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 5
The nurse is transcribing physician orders for a client with pneumonia who has been admitted to the hospital. Why should the physician order the medications using the generic name instead of a brand name? Numerous brand names may exist for the same drug, so the generic drug should be ordered. It does not make a difference if the brand names are used, and it is a preference of the physician. More nurses are familiar with the generic names than with the brand names. The pharmacy department is not aware of the brand names, so generic names should be written.
Numerous brand names may exist for the same drug, so the generic drug should be ordered. Explanation: The nurse has the responsibility to accurately transcribe drug orders, administer the drugs correctly, and document the client's response. Usually, a drug is ordered by the generic name because numerous brand names may exist for the same drug. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 14
The nurse is working in a community outreach clinic. What should the nurse teach a client about over-the-counter medications? The only risks of OTC medications are associated with overdoses and drug interactions. They are always more cost effective than prescription medications. OTC medications are not risk free. They are best used to enhance the effects of prescription medications.
OTC medications are not risk free. Explanation: Over-the-counter, or OTC, medications are those that can be purchased without a prescription. Because the individual can purchase these drugs without the guidance of a provider, it is important to read and follow the directions carefully to avoid self-harm. They pose numerous potential risks and can be costly. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 13
What is a major disadvantage of using over-the-counter (OTC) medications? Consumers resist the effort to learn more about their condition. There is a lack of autonomy. People may choose an OTC that interacts with another medication. Cause increased visits to the health care practitioner.
People may choose an OTC that interacts with another medication. Explanation: Disadvantages of using an OTC include inaccurate self-diagnoses and potential risks of choosing a wrong or contraindicated drug, delayed treatment by a health care professional, and development of adverse drug reactions and interactions. Advances include greater autonomy, faster and more convenient access to effective treatment, possibly earlier resumption of usual activities of daily living, fewer visits to a health care provider, and possibly increased efforts by consumers to learn about their symptoms/conditions and recommended treatments. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 13
A nurse is responsible for maintaining an accurate count and record of the controlled substances on the nursing division. This nursing action is regulated by which U.S. law or agency? The Drug Enforcement Administration The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 The Sherley Amendment The Public Health Service
The Drug Enforcement Administration Explanation: The Drug Enforcement Administration enforces the Controlled Substances Act. Under this enforcement, nurses are responsible for storing controlled substances in locked containers, administering them only to the people for whom they are prescribed, recording each dose given, and maintaining an accurate inventory. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 revised and broadened FDA powers and responsibilities, giving the FDA control over drug safety. The Public Health Service is regulated by the state to maintain the health of individual citizens of the state. The Sherley Amendment of 1912 prohibited fraudulent claims of drug effectiveness. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
The nurse is reviewing a prescription for a medication with a client. On the prescription, the nurse read "DAW." What should the nurse teach the client? The drug is not covered by a current patent. The brand name of the drug must be dispensed. A generic form of the drug may be provided if available. A drug with a similar chemical name can be substituted for the prescribed drug.
The brand name of the drug must be dispensed. Explanation: DAW means "dispense as written." That is, the brand name of the product must be used to fill the prescription. A generic form of the drug could not be substituted. Another drug with a similar chemical name could not be substituted. DAW does not denote a particular patent status. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
A client with a long-standing dermatologic health problem has been advised to use a drug with a local effect. The nurse should recognize what characteristic of this drug? It affects only the organ system in which it is metabolized. The drug acts primarily at the site where it is applied. The drug requires application at multiple sites. It is effective only as long as it is in contact with skin.
The drug acts primarily at the site where it is applied. Explanation: Drugs with local effects, such as sunscreen lotions and local anesthetics, act mainly at the site of application. Those with systemic effects are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to their sites of action in various body tissues, and eventually eliminated from the body. A drug with local effect does not necessarily have to be applied at multiple sites, and its action may affect tissues long after contact.
The nurse treating a client for the past week notes no improvement in the client's condition. Another nurse mentions a new drug that might help the client. The first nurse has never heard of this newly introduced drug. What is the most likely reason that Sally has not heard about this new drug? The nurse lacked the initiative to find out about the new drug. The nurse was not aware of or did not have access to reliable resources for new drug information. Coworkers did not inform the nurse about the new drug. The nurse did not care enough about the client's treatment.
The nurse was not aware of or did not have access to reliable resources for new drug information. Explanation: It is most likely that Sally has not had access to reliable and up-to-date drug reference information. Awareness of reliable resources and the specific type of information provided in those resources ensures that a nurse is efficiently and completely informed about safe drug administration and new therapeutic developments. It is unlikely that the cause could be Sally's lack of initiative or level of interest in the ailment. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 11
A nurse who provides care in a long-term care facility is documenting a new resident's medication regimen on the resident's intake admission. Why would the nurse document the generic, rather than proprietary or trade, names of the resident's current drugs? Proprietary names of drugs can vary from state to state. There is a potential for confusion and miscommunication if proprietary names are used. Drugs with generic names are prescribed and used differently than proprietary drugs. Documentation of trade names for drugs requires permission from the manufacturer.
There is a potential for confusion and miscommunication if proprietary names are used. Explanation: The use of generic instead of proprietary (trade) names mitigates some of the potential for confusion that exists due to similar trade names between different drugs. Trade names do not vary from state to state and use of these names in documentation is not legally restricted. There are not typically differences in the use of drugs that are based solely on generic or proprietary name. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
The nurse received an order for furosemide (Lasix). Why should the nurse write the generic name on the order sent to the pharmacy? The generic name is easier to say and remember. The generic name is the preferred way to order the drug. There is less chance of the wrong drug being given, because trade names can be similar. The hospital policy specifies that only generic names can be used in the medical record.
There is less chance of the wrong drug being given, because trade names can be similar. Explanation: The generic name of a drug is also known as its nonproprietary name. Each drug has only one generic name, which identifies the drug's active ingredient. As a general rule, generic names are less complicated than the chemical names from which they are derived, but they are more complicated than trade names. Generic names are easily recognizable because the first letter of the name is typically not capitalized. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 5
Which are true of nonprescription drugs? (Select all that apply.) They require a prescription to obtain. They should be taken only as directed on the label. They can be taken without risk to the client. They have certain labeling requirements. They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs.
They have certain labeling requirements. They should be taken only as directed on the label. They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs. Explanation: Nonprescription drugs are often referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. They do not require a prescription but do not come without risk to the client. The federal government has imposed labeling requirements of OTC drugs and should only be taken as directed on the label unless under the supervision of a health care provider. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 13
After reviewing class material about the natural sources of drugs, the students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which as an example of a drug that is derived from inorganic compounds? aluminum hydroxide insulin penicillin codeine
aluminum hydroxide Explanation: Aluminum hydroxide, an antacid, is an example of a drug from an inorganic compound. Codeine is derived from a plant source. Penicillin is derived from organic sources. Insulin is a drug originally derived from an animal source, but more recently has been created synthetically via genetic engineering. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 7
After teaching a student about the roles the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays in regulating the pharmaceutical market, the nurse recognizes that the information was understood when the student identifies what as a responsibility of the agency? (Select all that apply.) setting standards for efficacy and safety assigning a pregnancy category for each new drug enforcing the control of substances with high abuse potential determining national priorities for drug research and development enforcing standards for testing drug toxicity
assigning a pregnancy category for each new drug enforcing standards for testing drug toxicity setting standards for efficacy and safety Explanation: The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is responsible for enforcing the control of drugs with abuse potential. The FDA is responsible for assigning a pregnancy category for each new drug, enforcing standards for testing drug toxicity, and setting standards for efficacy and safety. Drug research and development is largely driven by the free market. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 8
The nurse is preparing to administer the drug papaverine (Pavabid). What does the nurse identify the name Pavabid as? chemical name brand name generic name chemical and generic name
brand name Explanation: Several clues indicate the brand name including capitalization of the first letter in the name and in parentheses. Generic names are not capitalized; chemical names are descriptions of the chemistry of the medication resulting in complicated names. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 9
What information does a drug label contain? (Select all that apply.) client's social security number brand name of the drug special drug warnings expiration date of the medication generic name of the drug
brand name of the drug generic name of the drug expiration date of the medication special drug warnings Explanation: A drug label identifies the brand and generic names of the drug, drug dosage, expiration date, and special drug warnings. It does not contain the client's social security number. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
A nurse is to administer several drugs. A drug belonging to which class would the nurse interpret as being contraindicated for a pregnant woman? category C category A category X category B
category X Explanation: A category X drug is one in which studies have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or adverse reactions with reported evidence of fetal risks. A drug in this category would be contraindicated for use in a pregnant woman. A drug identified as category A would be safest because studies of such a drug have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. A category B drug is one in which animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Benefit would need to outweigh the risk. A category C drug is one in which animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in humans. Benefit would need to outweigh the risk. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 11
A nurse determines that medications are known by different names. What are the different classifications of names assigned to medications? Select all that apply. chemical name metabolic name off brand name trade name generic name
chemical name generic name trade name Explanation: Medications have several names assigned to them: a chemical name, a generic (nonproprietary, official) name, and a trade (or brand) name. Off-brand names or metabolic names are not used to classify medications.
The nurse is administering a medication to a client who reports pain in the knees from arthritis. The nurse observes the name of the drug as p-isobutylhydratropic and recognizes that this refers to a: proprietary name. trade name. generic name. chemical name.
chemical name. Explanation: The chemical name of a drug precisely describes the drug's atomic and molecular structure, using exact chemical nomenclature (language) and terminology. The chemical name, which is usually long and complex, is not practical for everyday use but is useful to chemists and biochemists. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
The nurse is educating a client on over-the-counter (OTC) medications. What information is required to be placed on the label of the medication? (Select all that apply.) picture of the medication dosage of the medication contraindications to the medication adverse reactions suggested cost
contraindications to the medication dosage of the medication adverse reactions Explanation: Over-the-counter medication labels are required to include the name of the drug, dosage, contraindications, precautions, and adverse effects. They are not required to place a picture of the medication, or to place the cost of the medication, on the label. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 13
analysis of the diagnoses for which the medication may be used by the consumer analysis of the cost of the drug to the consumer evaluation of evidence that the consumer can use the drug safely, using information on the product label studies involving the safe use of the medication by the consumer
evaluation of evidence that the consumer can use the drug safely, using information on the product label Explanation: FDA approval of a drug for OTC availability involves evaluation of evidence that the consumer can use the drug safely, using information on the product label, and shifts primary responsibility for safe and effective drug therapy from health care professionals to consumers. With prescription drugs, a health care professional diagnoses the condition, often with the help of laboratory and other diagnostic tests, and determines a need for the drug. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 8
The nurse instructs the client that some drugs are no longer covered under patent and may be less expensive. What type of drug is the nurse describing? orphan drug generic controlled drug brand name
generic Explanation: Generic medications are those that are no longer covered by a patent, thereby allowing other companies to make the medication and charge less for the product. Brand name means the name of the drug given by the company that originally manufactured the drug, which may or may not still be under patent. Orphan medications are pharmaceuticals that have been developed to treat a rare disease or carry a high risk of harm and the pharmaceutical company is given an incentive to continue producing the drug. Controlled drugs are those with risk for abuse and dependence. Controlled drugs might be available in generic form, or they may still be under patent if they are drugs that were recently developed. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
What term is used to describe drugs identified by their chemical or official name in order to be independent of any manufacturer's assigned name? generic prototype trade brand
generic Explanation: Individual drugs are known by the trade (brand) or generic names. Those designated and patented by manufacturers are trade (brand) name drugs. Generic drugs are independent of the manufacturer's trade or brand name. Prototype is the term used to identify the first drug of a particular drug class to be developed. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
A new drug has been created by altering DNA. What process has been utilized to create this drug? pharmacotherapeutics genetic engineering organic chemistry pharmacodynamics
genetic engineering Explanation: Genetic engineering is the process of altering DNA in order to produce a chemical that is therapeutic and effective. Most often, the DNA is altered in a bacterium to create the new drug. Pharmacodynamics is one topic discussed in pharmacotherapeutics that addresses what the drug does to the body, but it does not specifically address the process of altering DNA. The drugs being used to treat, diagnose, and prevent disease are chemicals, but the study of chemistry includes far more than just those formed by altering DNA. Pharmacotherapeutics is a branch of pharmacology specifically focused on the use of drugs as therapy, to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. DNA modification may be used on some drugs discussed by this branch of pharmacology, but there is a specific term for modifying DNA. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 7
A client with tuberculosis is prescribed pyrazinamide. The nurse should assess and monitor the client for which adverse reaction? heartburn myalgia nausea hematologic changes
myalgia Explanation: The nurse should assess and monitor for myalgia because it is one of the adverse reactions of pyrazinamide. Nausea is an adverse reaction of ethambutol. Hematologic changes are adverse reactions of isoniazid. Heartburn is an adverse reaction of rifampin.
Administration of a drug is primarily the responsibility of which health care provider? physician physician's assistant pharmacist nurse
nurse Explanation: Administration of a drug is primarily the responsibility of the nurse. Physician's assistant acts under the direction of the physician and ensure their orders are carried out as well as collaboratively caring for the client. Physicians are responsible for prescribing the drug; pharmacists are responsible for filling the prescription, etc. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 3
A client with a rare genetic disorder is prescribed a medication specific to this disorder. What is the name given to drugs manufactured by companies that receive tax benefits to invest in these drugs? ghost drugs rare drugs practice drugs orphan drugs
orphan drugs Explanation: The 1982 Orphan Drug Act provides certain tax benefits to companies that invest in drugs useful in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of rare diseases, termed orphan drugs. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 13
What is the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease? pharmacodynamics pharmacology chemistry pharmacotherapeutics
pharmacotherapeutics Explanation: Pharmacotherapeutics is a branch of pharmacology specifically focused on the use of drugs as therapy, to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Pharmacology is the all-encompassing term for the study of the biological effects of chemicals. Pharmacodynamics is one topic discussed in pharmacotherapeutics that addresses what the drug does to the body, while pharmacokinetics addresses what the body does to the drug. The drugs being used to treat, diagnose, and prevent disease are chemicals, but the study of chemistry includes far more than just therapeutic chemicals. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 3
Which phase of drug development is associated with continual evaluation of the drug? phase II study phase III study phase IV study phase I study
phase IV study Explanation: Phase IV study is a phase of continual evaluation in which prescribers are obligated to report to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) any untoward or unexpected adverse effects associated with the drugs being used. A phase I study uses human volunteers for testing. A phase II study allows investigators to try out the drug in clients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat. A phase III study involves the use of the drug in a vast clinical market. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 10
Plants and plant parts have been used as medicines since prehistoric times. Morphine (Roxanol) is derived from which plant? poppy foxglove eucalyptus aloe vera
poppy Explanation: Morphine (Roxanol) is derived from the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). Foxglove is associated with digitalis preparations. Aloe vera is used to treat burns. Eucalyptus oil is used in over-the-counter cough and cold medicines. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 7
After teaching a group of nursing students about drug classes and categories, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify legend drugs as referred to as which medication? vitamin supplements nonprescription drugs herbalism prescription drugs
prescription drugs Explanation: Prescription drugs are also called legend drugs. Nonprescription drugs are also known as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs designated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be safe (if taken as directed) and obtainable without a prescription which includes vitamin supplements. Herbalism is the practice of using complementary/alternative therapy that uses plants or herbs to treat various disorders. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
Absorption is the process by which a drug is made available for use in the body. What factors influence the rate of absorption? Select all that apply. conditions in the body solubility of the drug route first-pass effect dose
route first-pass effect solubility of the drug conditions in the body Explanation: Several factors influence the rate of absorption, including the route of administration, the solubility of the drug, and specific conditions of the body's tissues. Conditions in the body, such as lipodystrophy, inhibit the absorption of a drug given in the affected site. The first-pass effect also affects absorption. The dose of the drug is not affected by the rate of absorption. Oral drugs, such as tablets or capsule, have to dissolve to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
A nurse is administering a large number of medications to a diverse group of clients. What types of drugs will be excluded from these medications? schedule IV schedule III schedule I schedule II
schedule I Explanation: Schedule I medications have no accepted medical use and are not prescribed. Schedule II drugs are often prescribed and include medications such as narcotic analgesics. Schedule III drugs are often prescribed and include nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamines, stimulants, and non-narcotic analgesics. Schedule IV drugs are often prescribed and include sedatives, antianxiety agents, and non-narcotic analgesics. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
A nurse is preparing to administer morphine and recognizes morphine as belonging to what classification of controlled substance? schedule III (C-III) schedule IV (C-IV) schedule V (C-V) schedule II (C-II)
schedule II (C-II) Explanation: Morphine is a schedule II (C-II) controlled substance with a severe risk of abuse and dependence. Schedule III drugs have a lower abuse potential and generally contain nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, and limited amounts of certain narcotics. Schedule IV drugs are those with less abuse potential than schedule III and limited dependence liability, including some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics. Schedule V medications have limited abuse potential and are often found in small amounts in antitussives or antidiarrheals. Federal law allows purchase without a prescription directly from a pharmacist if the purchaser is over age 18 and furnishes suitable identification. Reference: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs - Page 12
