Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
1. Established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College 2. Became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
1. Founder of modern psychology 2. He opened the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig 3. Defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure it
What are Introspection's significant limitations?
1. Introspection was a unreliable method of investigation. (different participants offer provided very different introspective reports about the same stimulus) 2. Introspection could not be used to study children or animals. 3. Introspection could not be used to investigate complex topics, such as learning, development, mental disorders, and personality.
William James (1842-1910)
1. Published The Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook 2. He established the Theory of Functionalism 3. Harvard Teacher
G. Stanley Hall was the first to receive what?
1. Received the first Ph.D. In psychology awarded in the USA. 2. Founded The American Psychological Association (APA) and was elected its first president. 3. William James Student
Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927)
1. Student of Wilhelm Wundt 2. Founded Structuralism, which became the first major school of thought in psychology. 3. Trained research participants in a procedure called introspection
Margaret Floy Washburn
1.First U.S woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology 2. 2nd president of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1921)
Humanistic Psychology
A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, well-being, and free will.
What is the world's largest professional organization of psychologists?
American Psychological Association (APA) , founded by G. Stanley Hall.
In psychology define stimulus.
Anything perceptible to the senses, such as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.
Fred and Yvonne notice that their 10-year-old daughter is beginning to use sexually explicit curse words. The parents think that their daughter's friends might be rewarding her swearing with attention and laughter. This reflects the perspective of:
B. F. Skinner
In her undergraduate research internship, Rosa is using positive reinforcement to help her aging rats to become more active. Rosa's strategy has been MOST predominantly influenced by the work of:
B. F. Skinner
Rosa trained her dog to sit, stay, and fetch using positive reinforcement. Rosa's strategy has been MOST predominantly influenced by the work of:
B.F. Skinner
After giving his friend three alcoholic drinks, Andrew observed and recorded the reaction. This is a basic example of what approach?
Behaviorism
Macy takes her dog to a trainer who shapes new behaviors through the use of reinforcement. The trainer's techniques are based o the __________ branch of psychology.
Behaviorism
Your professor directs a child and adolescent clinic that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which branch of psychology is this clinic based on?
Behaviorism
Two Leaders in the Development of Humanistic Psychology
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychology
Emphasized each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction
Functionalism
Emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences.
Introspection
Examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
James is a psychologist who used to think that people were limited by their past. However, he changed his way of thinking and now believes that people can grow to reach their full potential despite their past. James has changed from a psychoanalytic to a ___________ approach.
Humanistic
Rashad begins seeing a therapist to cope with a number of stressful life events. The therapist does not focus on his childhood or on any learned behaviors, but rather she emphasizes the importance of Rashad's need for self-determination. To which school of thought does the therapist belong?
Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic Psychology vs Psychoanalytic Psychology
Humanistic Psychology: - focuses on possibilities and reaching one's full potential - emphasizes the importance of conscious thought - don't see people as confined by their past Psychoanalytic Psychology: - Addresses one's limitations and problems - Emphasizes unconscious forces
The purpose of Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to:
Identify one's unconscious thoughts and bring them into one's awareness
Predict
Investigating responses to different kinds of challenging events, hoping to be able to predict the kinds of events that are most likely to evoke a response
Psychoanalysis
Is a personality theory that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality
Three key scientists in the development of Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
Is aggression biologically determined, or is it learned from the environment? This debate is most relevant to the issue of:
Nature and Nurture
Melissa has been asked to write a paper on the history of the school of psychology called behaviorism. She will MOST likely include work by which group of three psychologists?
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Dr. Greenblatt believes that unconscious mental processes are involved in shaping our thoughts, feelings, and responsible for motivating most human behavior. Dr. Greenblatt's views are most aligned with which of these approaches?
Psychoanalysis
Dr. Payton is a psychiatrist who believes that the source of all human behavior comes from the unconscious mind. Dr. Payton likely follows what school of thought in psychology?
Psychoanalysis
Lauren's therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is MOST likely a:
Psychoanalytic Psychologist
Explain
Seeking to explain why some people are more vulnerable to the effects than others
Micah is being asked in his psychotherapy sessions to discuss his early childhood experiences and dreams. Micah's therapist has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of:
Sigmund Freud
In his clinical psychology practice, Dr. Slidell believes that he has to search his patient's dreams, thoughts, and behaviors for unconscious motivations for each. Dr. Slidell has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of:
Sigmund Freud; Psycho Analysis
Titchener is to _____________ as Freud is to psychoanalysis.
Structuralism
What school of psychology is most clearly concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences?
Structuralism
Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Structuralists wanted to understand the components of the mind based on introspection. Functionalists wanted to explore what the mind could do and they focused on behavior mostly. what is the mind? vs. what is the mind for?
The French Philosopher René Descartes proposed what about the mind and body?
That the mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences.
Behaviorism
The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
Behaviorism
The study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning
William James's functional approach to psychology is:
The study of the purpose that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment.
What are the 4 basic goals of psychology?
To Describe, Predict, Explain, and Control, change or Influence behavior and mental processes.
Describe
Trying to objectively describe the experience of
Control, Change, or Influence
Used as coping strategies to better control their reactions to events
Structuralism
held that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental "structures", or component parts, or sensations and feelings. Method limited to introspection.
Lauren believes that all people have free will and can reach their full potential. Lauren's beliefs are most closely aligned with which psychological theory?
humanistic psychology
Jolie was a participant in a study in which she was asked to think and record her feelings about various objects presented to her. Jolie was asked to use:
introspection
When Carmen was younger and she got in trouble for doing something wrong, her mother would ask her to take notes of how she felt after getting into trouble. What method was Carmen's mother using?
introspection
Yokan's professor lectures on the fact that certain features in animals have been passed down from one generation to another. What theory is Yokan's professor probably describing?
natural selection
Carrie is taking a graduate school course on therapy theories, one of which is about uncovering unconscious causes of behavior. It is likely that the text chapter that contains this theory is discussing:
psychoanalysis
Carolina is studying the style differences in the play of three-year-old boys and girls. In what scientific field is she working?
psychology
Marissa is studying chimpanzee decision making behavior. In what scientific field is she working?
psychology
Define Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Dr. Amir is teaching his clients to meditate in order to reduce and alleviate the anger they feel in frustrating situations. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Dr. Amir demonstrating?
to control
Professor Sanchez is studying and trying to identify the sequence of behaviors children display when they are angry with other children. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Professor Sanchez demonstrating?
to describe
Dr. Chu is doing research to acquire evidence as to why people become angry when they are driving in busy traffic. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Dr. Chu demonstrating?
to explain