Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

1. Established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College 2. Became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

1. Founder of modern psychology 2. He opened the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig 3. Defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure it

What are Introspection's significant limitations?

1. Introspection was a unreliable method of investigation. (different participants offer provided very different introspective reports about the same stimulus) 2. Introspection could not be used to study children or animals. 3. Introspection could not be used to investigate complex topics, such as learning, development, mental disorders, and personality.

William James (1842-1910)

1. Published The Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook 2. He established the Theory of Functionalism 3. Harvard Teacher

G. Stanley Hall was the first to receive what?

1. Received the first Ph.D. In psychology awarded in the USA. 2. Founded The American Psychological Association (APA) and was elected its first president. 3. William James Student

Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927)

1. Student of Wilhelm Wundt 2. Founded Structuralism, which became the first major school of thought in psychology. 3. Trained research participants in a procedure called introspection

Margaret Floy Washburn

1.First U.S woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology 2. 2nd president of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1921)

Humanistic Psychology

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, well-being, and free will.

What is the world's largest professional organization of psychologists?

American Psychological Association (APA) , founded by G. Stanley Hall.

In psychology define stimulus.

Anything perceptible to the senses, such as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.

Fred and Yvonne notice that their 10-year-old daughter is beginning to use sexually explicit curse words. The parents think that their daughter's friends might be rewarding her swearing with attention and laughter. This reflects the perspective of:

B. F. Skinner

In her undergraduate research internship, Rosa is using positive reinforcement to help her aging rats to become more active. Rosa's strategy has been MOST predominantly influenced by the work of:

B. F. Skinner

Rosa trained her dog to sit, stay, and fetch using positive reinforcement. Rosa's strategy has been MOST predominantly influenced by the work of:

B.F. Skinner

After giving his friend three alcoholic drinks, Andrew observed and recorded the reaction. This is a basic example of what approach?

Behaviorism

Macy takes her dog to a trainer who shapes new behaviors through the use of reinforcement. The trainer's techniques are based o the __________ branch of psychology.

Behaviorism

Your professor directs a child and adolescent clinic that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which branch of psychology is this clinic based on?

Behaviorism

Two Leaders in the Development of Humanistic Psychology

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology

Emphasized each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction

Functionalism

Emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences.

Introspection

Examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

James is a psychologist who used to think that people were limited by their past. However, he changed his way of thinking and now believes that people can grow to reach their full potential despite their past. James has changed from a psychoanalytic to a ___________ approach.

Humanistic

Rashad begins seeing a therapist to cope with a number of stressful life events. The therapist does not focus on his childhood or on any learned behaviors, but rather she emphasizes the importance of Rashad's need for self-determination. To which school of thought does the therapist belong?

Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology vs Psychoanalytic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology: - focuses on possibilities and reaching one's full potential - emphasizes the importance of conscious thought - don't see people as confined by their past Psychoanalytic Psychology: - Addresses one's limitations and problems - Emphasizes unconscious forces

The purpose of Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to:

Identify one's unconscious thoughts and bring them into one's awareness

Predict

Investigating responses to different kinds of challenging events, hoping to be able to predict the kinds of events that are most likely to evoke a response

Psychoanalysis

Is a personality theory that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality

Three key scientists in the development of Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Is aggression biologically determined, or is it learned from the environment? This debate is most relevant to the issue of:

Nature and Nurture

Melissa has been asked to write a paper on the history of the school of psychology called behaviorism. She will MOST likely include work by which group of three psychologists?

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner

Dr. Greenblatt believes that unconscious mental processes are involved in shaping our thoughts, feelings, and responsible for motivating most human behavior. Dr. Greenblatt's views are most aligned with which of these approaches?

Psychoanalysis

Dr. Payton is a psychiatrist who believes that the source of all human behavior comes from the unconscious mind. Dr. Payton likely follows what school of thought in psychology?

Psychoanalysis

Lauren's therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is MOST likely a:

Psychoanalytic Psychologist

Explain

Seeking to explain why some people are more vulnerable to the effects than others

Micah is being asked in his psychotherapy sessions to discuss his early childhood experiences and dreams. Micah's therapist has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of:

Sigmund Freud

In his clinical psychology practice, Dr. Slidell believes that he has to search his patient's dreams, thoughts, and behaviors for unconscious motivations for each. Dr. Slidell has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of:

Sigmund Freud; Psycho Analysis

Titchener is to _____________ as Freud is to psychoanalysis.

Structuralism

What school of psychology is most clearly concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences?

Structuralism

Structuralism vs. Functionalism

Structuralists wanted to understand the components of the mind based on introspection. Functionalists wanted to explore what the mind could do and they focused on behavior mostly. what is the mind? vs. what is the mind for?

The French Philosopher René Descartes proposed what about the mind and body?

That the mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences.

Behaviorism

The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

Behaviorism

The study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning

William James's functional approach to psychology is:

The study of the purpose that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment.

What are the 4 basic goals of psychology?

To Describe, Predict, Explain, and Control, change or Influence behavior and mental processes.

Describe

Trying to objectively describe the experience of

Control, Change, or Influence

Used as coping strategies to better control their reactions to events

Structuralism

held that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental "structures", or component parts, or sensations and feelings. Method limited to introspection.

Lauren believes that all people have free will and can reach their full potential. Lauren's beliefs are most closely aligned with which psychological theory?

humanistic psychology

Jolie was a participant in a study in which she was asked to think and record her feelings about various objects presented to her. Jolie was asked to use:

introspection

When Carmen was younger and she got in trouble for doing something wrong, her mother would ask her to take notes of how she felt after getting into trouble. What method was Carmen's mother using?

introspection

Yokan's professor lectures on the fact that certain features in animals have been passed down from one generation to another. What theory is Yokan's professor probably describing?

natural selection

Carrie is taking a graduate school course on therapy theories, one of which is about uncovering unconscious causes of behavior. It is likely that the text chapter that contains this theory is discussing:

psychoanalysis

Carolina is studying the style differences in the play of three-year-old boys and girls. In what scientific field is she working?

psychology

Marissa is studying chimpanzee decision making behavior. In what scientific field is she working?

psychology

Define Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Dr. Amir is teaching his clients to meditate in order to reduce and alleviate the anger they feel in frustrating situations. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Dr. Amir demonstrating?

to control

Professor Sanchez is studying and trying to identify the sequence of behaviors children display when they are angry with other children. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Professor Sanchez demonstrating?

to describe

Dr. Chu is doing research to acquire evidence as to why people become angry when they are driving in busy traffic. Which of the four basic goals of psychology is Dr. Chu demonstrating?

to explain