Chapter 1: Nutrition

Uninformed use of dietary supplements may lead to nutrient toxicity. What is a nutrient toxicity?

Accumulation of a nutrient to high enough levels to produce illness or damage to the body

As Harrison aims to build a healthy breakfast, which of the following foods would be a source of phytochemicals?

Banana

What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?

Those controlled by the brain

The researchers reported that rates of ______ were lower among baby boomers than among adults of the same age in the previous generation.

emphysema

If age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of 0.10 will

have different physical effects.

To preserve the flavor of fresh tomatoes, store them

stem side up at room temperature.

What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and the United States?

0.08%

Click and drag to show the order of events in the scientific method.

1. Make an observation and ask questions about a 2. scientific phenomenon. 3. Generate a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon 4. Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis 5. Publish the research results; peers evaluate the research 6. Conduct follow-up experiments 7. Accept or reject the hypothesis as a theory

In nutrition science, to understand the various types of serving sizes, it is important to understand the differences between the English system (pounds, feet, cups) and the metric system (grams, meters, liters) and to be able to convert measurements within and between these systems. For example, there are multiple ways to measure one gallon. Complete the following statements.

16 cups = 1 gallon 4 quarts = 1 gallon 8 pints = 1 gallon 128 fluid ounces = 1 gallon 256 tablespoons = 1 gallon

One of Harrison's breakfast options is a low-fat granola bar and iced coffee from the vending machines in his dorm. The granola bar provides 90 kcal, 19 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of fat, and 1 gram of protein. What percent of total kcal comes from carbohydrates in this granola bar?

84%

Carbohydrates provide the body with a quick source of energy, but foods that contain protein and fat lead to greater satiety. What is satiety?

A feeling of satisfaction; a state in which there is no longer a desire to eat

What is NHANES?

A national survey of dietary intake and health behaviors

Which nutrients yield energy? Categorize each class of nutrient as energy-yielding or non-energy-yielding.

Energy-yielding nutrient: Protein, carbohydrates, Fats Non-energy yielding nutrient: Vitamins, Minerals, water

Classify each vitamin based on its solubility.

Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Vitamin A Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins, vitamin C

Over the next 20 years, how will the economy be affected by the baby boomers?

Fewer working adults will be available to support a growing population of retiees.

Click and drag the terms to the appropriate definitions.

Microbiota: Entire community of microorganisms living in a specific region (e.g., the human gastrointestinal tract) Microblome: Entire community of microorganisms living in a specific region PLUS their genes and immediate environment

What is the name given to the only nationally accredited and credentialed nutrition experts in the United States?

Registered Dietitians or Registered Dietitian Nutritionists

Breakfast is often touted as a good weight management strategy. Link to a recent review article examining the evidence supporting breakfast consumption and weight management: A Review of the Evidence Surrounding the Effects of Breakfast Consumption on Mechanisms of Weight Management Based on the available evidence, what do we know about eating breakfast and weight control?

Regular breakfast consumption has a neutral or positive effect for weight management.

Most breakfast cereals are fortified with a variety of vitamins and minerals. Fortification refers to the addition of nutrients during food processing. Fortified breakfast cereals can be an efficient way to help Americans meet their needs for many vitamins and minerals of public health concern, such as calcium, vitamin D, iron, and potassium. What is the function of vitamins and minerals in the human body?

Regulate body processes

Categorize each source of carbohydrate as a simple sugar or complex carbohydrate.

Simple Sugars: sucrose, fructose, maltose, lactose Complex carbohydrates: starch, fiber

Based on the results of the current study, the researchers can conclude that the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity is responsible for increased incidence of multiple myeloma and cancers of the corpus uteri, colon and rectum, gallbladder, kidney, and pancreas among younger adults.

false

Some foods contain probiotics, which are

living microorganisms that, when eaten in adequate amounts, provide health benefits for the host (i.e., human).

The science of nutrition involves the relationship between food and health. Chemical substances that are found in foods term-51are called nutrients. The term calories refers to the energy derived from the foods we eat. A nutrient is considered to be essential if, when left out of the diet, it leads to a decline in biological function.

nutrition nutrients calories essential

A baby boomer is

part of the demographic group born between 1946 and 1964.

If Harrison skips breakfast, he will not be supplying his body and brain with any fuel after an overnight fast. His morning energy levels may be low. In this chapter, you learned about the roles of the six essential classes of nutrients. Click to select the nutrients that can be broken down to supply energy to start Harrison's day.

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

Cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the United States.

second

Adequate intake of essential nutrients can support proper immune function.

true

Alcohol will go to any place in the body that ______ goes.

water

Harrison could pick up a ham, egg, and cheese bagel to eat during class. This breakfast sandwich provides 490 kcal and 14 grams of fat. What percent of total kcal comes from fat in this breakfast sandwich?

26%

Does alcohol tolerance differ between men and women?

Yes, women have a lower alcohol tolerance than men.

As Harrison builds a healthy breakfast, which of the following foods is the best source of protein?

Yogurt

Select good food sources of each nutrient by dragging each food to its appropriate nutrient category.

Carbohydrate: Banana, rice Lipid: Butter, Olive oil Protein: chicken breast, egg

Which of the following health conditions is most likely to adversely affect baby boomers during the aging process?

Heart disease

Read the Results section and examine Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the age-specific annual percent change in cancer incidence for 12 obesity-related cancers from 1995-2014. Click to select the seven types of cancers for which younger adults (25 to 49 years of age) have experienced signficant increases in incidence compared to older adults.

Multiple myeloma, Corpus uteri, Kidney, Thyroid, Colorectum, Pancreas, Gallbladder

For this cohort study, data was obtained from the Cancer in North America database. This is a large database that contains information about the types of cancer, how it is treated, and demographics in the United States and Canada. Is this research study experimental or observational?

Observational

The scientific method is important for determining relationships between dietary patterns and health. Classify each of the following studies according to its study design.

Randomized, placebo-controlled human study: Men with high blood pressure are randomized to receive one of two dietary supplement: group A receives 2 grams of supplemental potassium per day and group B receives 0 grams of supplemental potassium. Case- Control Study: Scientists studying middle-aged women with breast cancer note that vegetable consumption is lower and meat intake is higher among women with breast cancer than a similar population of women who do not have breast cancer. Laboratory animal experiment: Rats receive a high fat diet with or without Cohort study: researchers track the dietary patterns and health outcomes of a large group of female nurses over time and report that women

The scientific method is a testing procedure designed to detect and eliminate error. It is important in determining nutrient recommendations and relationships between dietary patterns and health. Fill in each sentence with its correct scientific method-related term.

The study of disease rates that vary among different population groups is called epidemiology A scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation called a hypothesis For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet. The children who are in the group that receives a high-caffeine diet constitute the experimental group. The children who are in the group that receives a regular, normal-caffeine level diet make up the control group. If the results of many studies and much data support the original explanation about a relationship between caffeine intake and behavior, a theory is formed.

To get the most bioavailable lycopene, select tomatoes from the ______ section of the store.

canned goods

Read the third paragraph of the Results section and examine Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the incidence rate ratios of 12 obesity-related cancers among various birth cohorts relative to the 1950 birth cohort (i.e., adults born from 1945 to 1954). On this chart, if the incidence rate ratio for a birth cohort is >1, this means that the rate of cancer diagnosis among that birth cohort is higher than the rate of cancer diagnosis among adults born from 1945 to 1954. Click to select the nine types of cancers for which younger adults (<50 years of age) have experienced signficant increases in incidence compared to older adults.

esophagus, multiple myeloma, thyroid, gallbladder and bile duct, colon and rectum, pancreas, liver and intrahepatic bile duct, kidney and renal pelvis and corpis uteri

Fermented alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine, contain probiotics that benefit human health.

false

Taking dietary supplements of vitamins and minerals can cure a viral infection.

false

The research study included data from 14,672,409 cases of cancer that were diagnosed from 1995 through 2014. The size of the dataset was a limitation of this study.

false

Currently, the average sodium intake of Americans is approximately 3400 milligrams per day. One of the Nutrition and Healthy Eating objectives of Healthy People 2030 is to reduce consumption of sodium by people 2 years of age and older by 20%, down to around 2700 milligrams per day. Such a reduction would be an improvement, but this goal still exceeds the recommended limit of 2300 milligrams per day, set by the Food and Nutrition Board. One ham, egg, and cheese bagel has 1270 milligrams of sodium in a serving. If Harrison aims to lower his daily sodium intake to meet the objectives of Healthy People 2030, should he make a habit of eating the ham, egg, and cheese bagel several times per week?

no

Water is a(n) non-energy-yielding nutrient. We obtain water in the diet from fluid sources and foods like fruits and vegetables. Our bodies are made up of approximately 60% water. Every day, an adult female needs to drink about 9 cups of water. An adult male needs to drink approximately 13 cups of water per day.

non-energy-yielding fruits and vegetables 60% 9 cups 13 cups

Read the Discussion section of the research article. Approximately ______ of adults with obesity report receiving a diagnosis of obesity or counseling for weight loss.

1/3

How did the rate of obesity among baby boomers differ from that of the previous generation?

Baby boomers had higher rates of obesity than the previous generation.

Some phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, have beneficial effects on immune function. What is the best way to obtain phytochemicals to support your immune function?

Consume a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables

Which of the following would be Harrison's healthiest yet time-saving breakfast option?

Eat cereal and yogurt in his room before class.

In studies of diseases among populations, there are two main ways researchers express data about rates of diseases: prevalence and incidence. In everyday language, these two terms are often used interchangeably, but they are two distinct statistical terms. Prevalence refers to the proportion of the population that has a disease at a point in time. Incidence refers to the proportion of the population that was initially free of disease, but developed the disease during a certain period of time. In this research study, Sung and colleagues examined the ______ of certain types of cancer among adults in various age groups in the United States.

incidence

Overall, the analyses showed that the risk of developing multiple myeloma and cancers of the corpus uteri, colon and rectum, gallbladder, kidney, and pancreas has been increasing among younger adults. The researchers hypothesize that these changes in cancer risk are most likely related to

increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among younger people in the United States.