Chapter 1: Nutrition (Wiley Questions)
experimentation
"A double blind clinical trial is conducted" is an example of which part of the scientific method?
theory
"Diet does contribute to the risk of colon cancer" is an example of which part of the scientific method?
hypothesis
"Diet plays a role in the development of colon cancer" is an example of which part of the scientific method?
observation
"Epidemiological data shows that more Americans get colon cancer than those living in Japan" is an example of which part of the scientific method?
double-blind study
"experiment in which neither the study participants nor the researchers know who is in a control or an experimental group" is associated with which part of the scientific method?
control group
"group of participants in which no experimental treatment is used" is associated with which part of the scientific method
placebo
"used to disguise the control and experimental groups in an experiment" is associated with which part of the scientific method?
False
Fat provides only 5% of calories in food that is 95% fat-free.
false
True or False. In order to prevent a researcher from introducing bias during the course of a research experiment, it would be best to use an experimental design that includes a placebo.
True
True or False. No one food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health; therefore; eating a variety of foods helps ensure an adequate nutrient intake.
False
True or False. One benefit of the modern American diet is that adolescents are consuming more fruit juices and less fatty milk.
false
True or False. Steps in the scientific method should proceed in a sequential manner beginning with theory generation.
false
True or False. The concept of balance in the diet prevents the likelihood of an individual developing a chronic disease.
false
True or False. The process of informed consent applies to subjects in human and animal studies.
True
True or False. The typical North American diet is high in snack foods and desserts that supply us with more salt and sugar than is recommended.
50%
Two cups of packaged macaroni and cheese account for this portion of your daily sodium limit.
b
Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by A: reduced exposure to sunlight. B: long term use of antibiotics. C: use of formula instead of breast milk. D: kidney disease.
protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
What are the 6 essential classes of nutrients?
the study was published in peer-reviewed journals
What information would determine the validity of a nutrition claim?
Nutrients must be supplied in the diet to support life
What is TRUE about nutrients?
a
What is TRUE about provitamin A? A: It is bound to fatty acids. B: It is a carrier of proteins. C: It functions as a metabolic enzyme. D: It is available in both plant and animal products.
b
What is TRUE about the function of vitamin D? A: Vitamin D inactivates cancerous cells. B: Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys. C: Vitamin D decreases the production of intestinal calcium transport proteins. D: Vitamin D binds to proteins in the cytoplasm of most cells.
a
What is a function of vitamin E? A: Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage. B: Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. C: Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria. D: Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream.
rats show the effects of intervention quickly
What is a major strength of animal studies using rats?
the results cannot be used to determine cause and effect
What is a major weakness of an epidemiological study?
a fake medicine that is indistinguishable from the real thing
What is a placebo?
The subjects are similar in all respects except for the treatment being tested
What is the benefit of using controls in an experiment?
balance study
What is the name of the study that compares nutrient intake with its excretion?
The foods we are exposed to as children influence what foods we eat as adults.
What is true about our food choices?
registered dietitian
What would be the MOST reliable source of nutritional information?
heart disease, cancer, stroke
Which are the top 3 leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States?
a, b, c
Which of the following are TRUE regarding malnutrition? Select all that apply. A: Deficiency of a nutrient is a form of malnutrition. You got it right B: An excessive dose of a nutrient is a form of malnutrition. C: Obesity is form of malnutrition. D: All nutrient deficiencies cause symptoms quickly.
a, b, d
Which of the following are characteristics of nutrients contained in foods? Select all that apply. A: They support growth. B: Our food choices determine our health. C: An abundant food supply ensures optimal health D: They provide energy.
a, c
Which of the following are characteristics of obesity? (Select all that apply.) A: Energy intake surpasses energy expenditure. B: Muscle wasting is a result. C: It is a form of malnutrition. D: It is a result of short term energy imbalance.
c
Which of the following are considered to be a characteristic of a nutrient? A: All nutrients provide energy to the body. B: All nutrients are composed of inorganic molecules. C: All essential nutrients must be provided by dietary sources. D: Over 70% of Americans consume dietary supplements to meet nutrient needs.
c, d
Which of the following changes in American eating patterns has led to an increased risk of chronic disease? Select all that apply. A: increased availability of locally grown foods B: growth of organic food sales C: increased availability of convenience foods D: decreased consumption of whole grains
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Which of the following classes of nutrients provide energy?
a
Which of the following factors does NOT influence what we eat? Select all that apply. A: genetics B: emotions C: cost D: convenience E: religion F: availability of foods G: traditional and cultural influences
a, b, c, d
Which of the following factors should be considered when judging nutrition claims? Select all that apply. A: level of bias B: has it stood the test of time C: source of the information D: value of the research conducted
salty and sugary
Which of the following food types is typically consumed by Americans today in excessive amounts?
a
Which of the following is NOT a function provided by nutrients? A: all of these are functions B: provide a source of energy for the body C: provide for the structure of the body D: regulate body processes
c
Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? A: niacin B: riboflavin C: vitamin A D: vitamin B12
d
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E? A: calf's liver B: skim milk C: raw tomatoes D: vegetable oil
c
Which of the following is a result of the metabolism of energy nutrients? A: Body water increases. B: Energy is destroyed. C: Energy is released. D: Body fat increases.
c
Which of the following is an example of a nutrient function of carbohydrates? A: principal component of cell membranes B: helps to regulate blood volume C: energy source for cells D: helps to define cell shape
Experimental results may or may not prove the hypothesis to be true.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about scientific method?
c
indings from epidemiological studies A: are a result of alteration of variables affecting subject participants. B: are a result of consistency of subject participants across a small sample size. C: can be used to develop and test human intervention studies. D: are limited in their generalizability due to sample bias.
iron
A female vegetarian would be wise to consume twice the RDA for this mineral.
b
A researcher who wants to examine the possible effects of nutrient deficiency for a group of subjects would likely utilize what type of research design? A: balance study B: depletion-repletion study C: correlation study D: case control study
7
A six-ounce banana nut muffin has about the same number of calories as this many slices of bread.
500
A six-ounce portion of French fries has about this many calories.
essential
A(n) ___________________ nutrient must be supplied in the diet to support life.
c
An understanding of the term malnutrition includes A: that there is no consequence to an individual's overall future health if the occurrence is resolved. B: only a decrease in consumption of nutrients. C: both an increase or decrease in the consumption of nutrients. D: an association with favorable health outcomes.
b, d
Applying the principle of variety in food planning is important to ensure which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A: kcalorie control B: a mix of nutrients C: nutrient density D: decreased risk of toxic effects of harmful substances
a
Based on consumption of food products by Americans, how is the "cost of convenience" calculated? A: money and kilocalories B: energy and nutrient consumption C: intake of food products D: money and exercise
d
How does broccoli compare with french fries in terms of energy (kcalories) and nutrient density? A: Broccoli provides more energy and is less nutrient dense than french fries. B: French fries provides less energy and are more nutrient dense than broccoli. C: Broccoli is more nutrient dense than french fries and provides more calories than french fries. D: Broccoli is more nutrient dense than french fries and provides less calories than french fries.
Energy deficiency can cause poor growth
How does malnutrition impact our health?
c
How has the consumption of food products changed in the American diet? A: Emphasis is now placed on inclusion of organic foods. B: There is a decrease in the amount of convenience foods in the diet. C: Preparation of food items has been shortened leading to increased consumption. D: Most Americans eat meals at home surrounded by family members.
76
How many kcalories are provided by 2 grams of carbohydrates, 4 grams of fat and 8 grams of protein?
b
If an individual decides not to eat meat and milk at the same time during a meal, this would be most likely based on A: personal preference. B: cultural/religious values. C: social acceptability. D: psychological/emotional factors.
Vitamin C
If you live with someone who smokes, you need extra amounts of this vitamin.
Vitamin D
If you spend too much time indoors, consider a supplement containing this vitamin.
provide more nutrients relative to calories
Nutrient dense refers to foods that:
d
The correct names of the sequence of steps in the scientific method are A: Hypothesis, Observation, Experiments, Theory. B: Theory, Observation, Experiments, Hypothesis. C: Experiments, Theory, Hypothesis, Observation. D: Observation, Hypothesis, Experiments, Theory.
food availability
The physical, economic, and social factors that affect our food choices can be defined as:
lipid, carbohydrate, protein
The three classes of energy-yielding nutrients are:
False
True or False. A gram of fiber has the same number of calories as a gram of sugar.
True
True or False. A six-piece serving of McDonald's chicken McNuggets contains the same amount of fat as a 2-tablespoon packet of ranch dressing.
False
True or False. An essential nutrient is one that either can be made by the body or can be made in large enough quantities to meet the needs of the individual.
false
True or False. Anecdotal reports are based on scientific evidence.
True
True or False. Animals can be used to study human nutrition because studying humans is costly, time consuming and sometimes impossible due to ethical reasons.
false
True or False. As long as you obtain nutrition information from an individual who has the title of "nutritionist", it is considered to be reliable and accurate.
False
True or False. B-complex vitamins are a good source of energy.
False
True or False. Eating foods in moderation means that you can never eat foods high in sugar, fat, or salt.
True
True or False. If your diet is too high in some nutrients, it can contribute to the development of a number of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.
True
True or False. If your diet is too high or too low in energy, it can lead to weight gain or loss, respectively.
a, b, d
Which of the following statements regarding the typical North American diet are correct? Select all that apply. A : Instead of milk, we select sweetened, carbonated soft drinks. B : We eat more kcalories than we need, but don't eat enough nutrient-dense foods. C : As a population, we eat enough whole grains, added sugars, and vegetables. D : We consume too few legumes, fruits, and dairy foods.
protein, lipids, carbohydrates
Which of the six classes of nutrients provide the body with energy?
The study must first be reviewed by a committee of scientists and non-scientists
Which one of the following guidelines has been developed to protect the rights of humans and animals used in experimental research?
advice from a registered dietitian
Which one of the following is viewed as the most valuable source of nutrition information?
Lipids can be used as regulatory molecules
Which one of the following statement describes a correct function of nutrients?
Our modern food supply includes an endless assortment of eating options.
Which one of the statement is TRUE about our present eating habits?
a
Which statement is TRUE about the need for dietary supplements? A: Women of child-bearing age need extra folate. B: Supplement use increases overall health in all populations. C: Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly. D: Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.
d
Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world? A: The body's ability to store the fat-soluble vitamins has declined. B: The intake of fats has increased in developed countries. C: Composition of foods may influence how much fat soluble vitamin is absorbed. D: Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables
No one food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health
Why is eating a variety of foods important?
c
Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise? A: People spend time outdoors without the benefit of sunscreens. B: Larger bone mass requires additional vitamin D. C: Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D. D: The kidneys fail to promote vitamin D retention among the elderly.
c
Why vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin"? A: It functions as a vitamin only during the daylight hours. B: It is available to the body only upon regular exposure to sunlight. C: It can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light. D: It is activated immediately in the muscles upon exposure to sunlight.
a
Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness? A: Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues. B: The mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. C: Keratin-producing cells decrease immune function. D: The hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium.
anecdote
Your friend Jody took a daily supplement of the B complex vitamins and stated that she had more energy. Her experience is BEST described as a(n)
malnutrition
_______________________ is any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake either above or below that which is optimal.
Epidimiology
___________________________ can identify correlations between patterns of diet, health, and disease.
nutrition
the science of _____________ studies all the interactions that occur between living organisms and food.