Chapter 1 Psychology

"He wanted to do for psychology what the Periodic Table of the Elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor. To whom is the professor MOST likely referring? A) Titchener B) James C) Freud D) Maslow

A

"Opposites attract." "Birds of a feather flock together." These aphorisms are: A) hypotheses. B) variables. C) theories. D) operational definitions.

A

32.It is the year 2029. At the American Psychological Association's annual conference, a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of an historic event in psychology's early days. What event is celebrated in the address? A) Wundt founding the first psychology laboratory B) Calkins becoming the first female president of the APA C) Titchener opening a lab at Cornell D) Watson establishing behaviorism

A

96.The process of redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results hold up in different conditions with new samples is called: A) replication. B) debriefing. C) re-enactment. D) peer review.

A

A characteristic that can take on different values is called a(n): A) variable. B) theory. C) operational definition. D) hypothesis.

A

A hypothesis is BEST defined as a: A) statement that can be used to test a prediction. B) broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest. C) specification of the precise manner in which a variable will be measured. D) behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values.

A

A list of all the articles cited appears at the end of a journal article in psychology. This list is called: A) references. B) bibliography. C) works cited. D) sources.

A

A psychologist is pursuing psychology's _____ goal when she observes aggressive behavior among patrons in a bar. A) describe B) predict C) explain D) control

A

Amanda selects a sample of college students. She obtains the students' scores on several personality scales, as well as on a test of creativity. Amanda wishes to summarize her sample's performance on the creativity test. She therefore computes _____ statistics. A) descriptive B) correlational C) empirical D) inferential

A

Andrea is reading a general, comprehensive account of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology. Andrea is reading a(n): A) theory. B) hypothesis. C) operational definition. D) explanation.

A

At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of: A) free will. B) environmental determinism. C) natural selection. D) unconscious conflict.

A

Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology. In which setting is she MOST likely to find employment, all else being equal? A) academia B) a hospital C) the military D) a large corporation

A

With respect to the goals of psychology, understanding behavior is to applying findings as _____ is to _____. A) describing; controlling B) explaining; controlling C) explaining; describing D) controlling; explaining

B

With respect to the goals of psychology; prediction is to projecting outcomes as _____ is to _____. A) explanation; making observations B) explanation; applying findings C) description; making observations D) description; applying findings

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology? A) explain B) analyze C) predict D) control

B

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the fate of structuralism in psychology? A) It triumphed over alternative ones. B) It was supplanted by other views. C) Its importance has waned slightly, but it remains highly influential today. D) It continues to coexist with other views in psychology.

B

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis? A) A theory is more specific than a hypothesis. B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis. C) A theory is the same thing as a hypothesis. D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis.

B

Which one of these individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist? A) Dionne, who holds a PhD degree B) Everett, who has an MD degree C) Fallon, who graduated with a PsyD degree D) Each of these individuals is equally likely to be a psychologist.

B

Which statement BEST expresses the aim of functionalism? A) It seeks to identify what the mind contains. B) It seeks to understand the purpose of the mind. C) It seeks to determine how mental experience is organized. D) It seeks to understand the influence of the unconscious mind.

B

Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think and process information. Which option correctly pairs the psychologists with their respective perspectives? A) Dr. Greenway - behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech - cognitive perspective B) Dr. Greenway - cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech - behavioral perspective C) Dr. Greenway - psychoanalytic perspective; Dr. Cech - cognitive perspective D) Dr. Greenway - behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech - psychoanaytic perspective

A

In _____ review, other psychologists examine an article submitted for publication and make recommendations regarding its acceptance, revision, or rejection. A) peer B) expert C) scientific D) critical

A

Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter," she reports. Lassandra is: A) introspecting. B) interviewing. C) suffering a stroke. D) taking an intelligence test.

A

MD is to PhD as _____ is to _____. A) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist B) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist C) clinical psychologist; counseling. D) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist

A

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology. A) psychoanalytic B) cognitive C) humanistic D) biological

A

Planning research, making observations, and communicating findings are all part of psychology's _____ goal. A) describe B) explain C) predict D) control

A

Prediction is to explanation as _____ is to ______. A) hypothesis; theory B) theory; hypothesis C) experiment; theory D) experiment; hypothesis

A

Shaping and modifying behavior is the essence of psychology's _____ goal. A) control B) predict C) explain D) describe

A

The process of weighing, synthesizing, and evaluating evidence is called _____ thinking. A) critical B) scientific C) empirical D) experimental

A

The saying "mind over matter" reflects a philosophical view called _____, which is associated with _____. A) dualism; Descartes B) empiricism; Aristotle C) dualism; Aristotle D) empiricism; Descartes

A

Whereas the philosopher _____ believed that humans possessed some innate knowledge, the philosopher _____ believed that all knowledge is derived from experience. A) Plato; Aristotle B) Aristotle; Plato C) Aristotle; Descartes D) Descartes; Plato

A

Which activity is NOT part of psychology's goal of explanation? A) shaping behavior B) noticing patterns C) seeking clues in the literature D) identifying causes

A

Which choice correctly pairs a pioneering woman in psychology with a "first"? A) Mamie Phipps Clark - first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology B) Mamie Phipps Clark - first female president of the APA C) Margaret Floy Washburn - first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology D) Mary Whiton Calkins - first woman to earn a PhD in psychology

A

Which of the following is NOT an operational definition of happiness? A) a feeling of joy or contentment B) the number of times an individual smiles in an hour C) an individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale D) the ratio of positive to negative emotion words a person uses when describing how they feel

A

Which psychologist helped pioneer the cognitive perspective? A) George Miller B) John Watson C) Carl Rogers D) Lev Vygotsky

A

Which sequence correctly reflects the order of the first three steps in the scientific method? A) develop question > develop hypothesis > design study B) develop hypothesis > collect data > analyze data C) develop question > design study > develop hypothesis D) develop hypothesis > analyze data > publish findings

A

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between psychology and the study of behavior? A) The study of behavior is part of psychology. B) Psychology does not include the study of behavior. It focuses on the mind. C) The study of behavior is the same thing as psychology. D) At one time, psychology was defined as the study of behavior. It is now considered the science of the mind.

A

According to your text, numerology cannot tell us what will happen in the future. It therefore fails to achieve psychology's goal of: A) describing. B) predicting. C) explaining. D) controlling.

B

Dr. Jensen is organizing and evaluating the evidence concerning aggression in children. Dr. Jensen is engaged in ______ thinking. A) pseudopsychological B) critical C) empirical D) scientific

B

Dr. Petrovic's goal is to help his clients channel their motivation for positive growth and to realize their potential. He is MOST likely a _____ therapist. A) cognitive B) humanistic C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic

B

In a journal article in psychology, the specific hypothesis tested in the research usually appears in the: A) abstract. B) introduction. C) method section. D) discussion.

B

In a study cited in your textbook, researchers at Haifa University examined the relationship between handwriting and deception. What did the researchers find? A) There was no association between deception and the physical characteristics of handwriting. B) Writers used larger strokes and applied more pressure when they were lying. C) Writers used smaller, lighter strokes when they were lying. D) Writers attempted to modify the style of their handwriting when they were lying.

B

In psychology, scientific journal articles generally begin with a brief description of the entire article. This description is called a(n): A) summary. B) abstract. C) synopsis. D) precis.

B

In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology A) psychoanalytic B) biological C) sociocultural D) cognitive

B

Inferential statistics help researchers determine the probability of future occurrences. In this way, inferential statistics help psychologists attain the goal of: A) description. B) prediction. C) explanation. D) control.

B

Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. Iyesha is performing a: A) peer review. B) replication. C) control study. D) double-blind study.

B

Psychology is defined as the: A) study of mental processes. B) scientific study of behavior and mental processes. C) study of mental disorders and their treatment. D) science of behavior.

B

The cognitive perspective may be said to represent a reaction to the _____ view. A) humanistic B) behavioral C) biological D) evolutionary

B

The formal beginning of psychology is associated with: A) James. B) Wundt. C) Titchener. D) Descartes.

B

The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the _____ and the ______ views. A) psychoanalytic; cognitive B) psychoanalytic; behavioral C) behavioral; cognitive D) behavioral; sociocultural

B

The largest area of specialization in psychology is _____ psychology. A) developmental B) clinical/counseling C) educational D) social/personality

B

The title of the American jazz classic, "Body and Soul" echoes a view known as dualism, a view associated MOST prominently with the philosopher: A) Plato. B) Descartes. C) Aristotle. D) Fechner.

B

What is the relationship among psychology, pseudopsychology, and critical thinking? A) Critical thinking is important in pseudopsychology but absent from psychology. B) Critical thinking is important in psychology but absent from pseudopsychology. C) Critical thinking is important in both psychology and pseudopsychology. D) Psychology, pseudopsychology, and critical thinking are three different ways of understanding behavior.

B

Whether a field of study is a science is determined by the: A) credentials of those who specialize in the field. B) methods used to collect information in the field. C) technological sophistication of the equipment used in the field. D) subject matter of the field.

B

100.Helena proposes that the more impulsive a student is, the more likely he or she will be to change answers on a multiple-choice test. The variable(s) in this statement is/are: A) impulsivity. B) answer-changing. C) both impulsivity and answer-changing. D) impulsivity, the student, and answer-changing.

C

33.Which location is associated with the formal beginning of psychology? A) Vienna, Austria B) Berlin, Germany C) Leipzig, Germany D) Cambridge, England

C

An approach that attempts to explain behavior but is without empirical support is labeled a: A) parapsychology. B) pop psychology. C) pseudopsychology. D) critical psychology.

C

An expert on adolescence is reading an article submitted for publication in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. At the moment, she is examining the methods section for potential flaws in the design of the research. The expert is contributing to the process of _____ review. A) panel B) critical C) peer D) scientific

C

Currently, women earn ____ percent of the advanced psychology degrees in the United States. A) 50 B) 65 C) 75 D) 90

C

Descriptive statistics: A) allow predictions beyond a data set. B) show how two or more variables are related. C) summarize a set of data. D) indicate the significance of the results.

C

Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to psychology's school of: A) humanism. B) behaviorism. C) structuralism. D) functionalism.

C

In a scientific journal article, the abstract: A) lists all the articles cited. B) details the participants, materials, and procedures. C) offers a brief description of the entire article. D) interprets the results with respect to the hypothesis.

C

In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied universally. This research sparked the ____ perspective. A) cognitive B) biological C) sociocultural D) evolutionary

C

Madame Oolong claims that she can answer questions about one's career, finances, and relationships by reading tea leaves. Madame Oolong practices: A) psychology. B) critical thinking. C) pseudopsychology. D) parapsychology.

C

Morgana is writing a scientific article in psychology. She is summarizing the scientific literature relevant to her hypothesis. Morgana is writing the article's: A) discussion. B) abstract. C) introduction. D) methods.

C

Numerology is a: A) science, because it seeks to identify patterns. B) science, because its predictions are empirically verified. C) pseudopsychology, because its predictions are not supported by observation. D) pseudopsychology, because it does not share psychology's goals of prediction and explanation.

C

Numerology is: A) a critical psychology. B) part of psychology. C) a pseudopychology. D) a parapsychology.

C

Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of stimuli and reinforcers in the environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology. A) sociocultural B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic

C

Research suggests that nearly _____% of college students have trouble distinguishing between pseudosciences and real sciences. A) 25 B) 35 C) 50 D) 75

C

The Renaissance philosopher John Locke argued that our knowledge is acquired solely through experience. Locke's position reflects the legacy of the Greek philosopher: A) Plato. B) Socrates. C) Aristotle. D) Hippocrates. Ans: C

C

The advent of brain-imaging techniques has been a boon for the biological and the _____ perspectives in modern-day psychology. A) psychoanalytic B) sociocultural C) cognitive D) humanistic

C

The first step in the scientific method is: A) developing a hypothesis. B) publishing findings. C) developing a question. D) designing a study.

C

The process psychologists use to conduct research is called: A) critical thinking. B) informed speculation. C) the scientific method. D) educated guessing.

C

Tyrell is creating a bar graph to summarize the results of an experiment. The graph displays _____ statistics. A) inferential B) empirical C) descriptive D) critical

C

When psychologists describe behavior, they: A) project future behavior. B) shape desirable behavior. C) observe behavior systematically. D) make sense of behavior

C

Which contemporary perspective is correctly matched with its description? A) psychoanalytic perspective - emphasizes people's motivation to grow and develop B) cognitive perspective - emphasizes underlying conflicts C) behavioral perspective - emphasizes learning through association, reinforcement, and observation D) humanistic perspective - emphasizes the mental processes guiding behavior

C

Which early female psychologist might be considered a developmental psychologist? A) Mary Whiton Calkins B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Mamie Phipps Clark D) Elizabeth Loftus

C

Which of the following steps in the scientific method is correctly paired with its corresponding activity? A) developing a hypothesis - The research performs a study. B) collecting data - The researcher reviews the scientific literature on a topic. C) analyzing data - The researcher determines whether hypothesis is supported. D) developing a question - The researcher establishes operational definition.

C

Which professional is MOST likely to have a master's degree as her most advanced credential? A) a psychiatrist B) a counseling psychologist C) a mental health counselor D) a clinical psychologist

C

Which proportion BEST approximates the percentage of psychologists who provide therapy? A) one-quarter B) one-third C) one-half D) three-quarters

C

Which psychologist is incorrectly matched with an associated perspective? A) Maslow - humanistic B) Skinner - behavioral C) Vygotsky - biological D) Freud - psychoanalytic

C

With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be MOST interested in the: A) contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience. B) observable behaviors associated with emotion. C) way in which emotions aid one's adaptation to the environment. D) basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.

C

_____ offered an alternative to structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology. A) Humanism B) The cognitive perspective C) Functionalism D) The psychoanalytic perspective

C

A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a complex experience in as much detail as possible is called: A) inner perception. B) subjective perception. C) internal observation. D) introspection.

D

A psychologist advises a petroleum company on selecting offshore oil rig workers likely to comply with safety regulations. The psychologist is pursuing psychology's goal of: A) description. B) prediction. C) explanation. D) control.

D

Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying: A) mental processes. B) behavior. C) mental disorders and their treatment. D) behavior and mental processes.

D

An advertisement touts the muscle-building benefits of a new herbal supplement. Jana investigates the credentials of the individuals testifying to its benefits and performs some research on the company that manufactures the supplement. In addition, she searches the scientific literature for any controlled research that might attest to the action of the supplement. Jana is engaged in _____ thinking. A) logical B) analytical C) high-level D) critical

D

Brenda says, "Psychology is the study of behavior." Chase responds, "No, psychologists study emotions." Which statement BEST evaluates these two remarks? A) Brenda's statement is too broad; Chase's is too narrow. B) Brenda's statement is too narrow; Chase's is correct C) Brenda's statement is correct; Chase's is incorrect. D) Brenda's statement is too narrow. Chase's is also too narrow.

D

Dr. Franklin is examining the association between the experience of discrimination and self-esteem among children and adolescents. Her research reflects the pioneering work of _____, one of psychology's "founding mothers." A) Elizabeth Loftus B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Margaret Whiton Calkins D) Mamie Phipps Clark

D

Frederico is making revisions to an article that has been preliminarily accepted by the Journal of Applied Cognition. Frederico in engaged in the _____ step of the scientific method, namely _____. A) first; developing a question B) first; publishing results C) last; developing a question D) last; publishing results

D

In a scientific journal article, keywords: A) outline relevant previous research. B) briefly describe the entire article. C) report the study's limitations. D) identify the article's topics or themes.

D

In order, the last two steps of the scientific method are: A) developing a hypothesis and designing a study. B) collecting data and analyzing data. C) collecting data and publishing findings. D) analyzing data and publishing findings.

D

In the context of psychology's goals, observe is to describe as understand is to: A) analyze. B) predict. C) control. D) explain.

D

Organizing and making sense of behavioral observations is central to psychology's goal of: A) description. B) prediction. C) control. D) explanation.

D

Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for the perpetrator. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist. A) behavioral B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) cognitive

D

Perhaps the broadest, most integrative approach in psychology is the _____ perspective. A) biological B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) biopsychosocial

D

Research focused on changing behaviors or outcomes is called _____ research. A) basic B) practical C) experimental D) applied

D

The textbook describes the plight of 33 trapped Chilean miners. Which aspect(s) of this situation would most interest a psychologist, and why? A) the miners' actions, such as praying or screaming; Psychology is the science of behavior B) the miners' thoughts and feelings; Psychology is the study of mental processes C) the potential for the miners to develop post-traumatic stress disorder; Psychology emphasizes mental disorders D) all of these aspects; Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.

D

When asked to define "popularity," Brianna offers, "It's when everyone likes you." Chrissy suggests, "It's basically the number of friends you have." How do the two girls' definitions differ? A) They don't, really. B) Brianna's is an operational definition; Chrissy's is not. C) Brianna's is a procedural definition; Chrissy's is not. D) Chrissy's is an operational definition; Brianna's is not.

D

Which choice correctly pairs a philosopher with the concept with which he is associated? A) Plato - empiricism B) Aristotle - nativism C) Aristotle - dualism D) Descartes - dualism

D

Wundt began operating the first psychology lab in: A) 1829. B) 1839. C) 1859. D) 1879.

D