Chapter 1 psychology

The ___________ began studying human behavior in the 5th and 6th centuries BC and decided that humans were rational beings.

Greeks

Who is William James?

He focused on the functions and actions of the conscious mind and the goals/purposes of our behavior

Robert Esposito is a experimental psychologist. Which question is more likely to be the focus of Dr. Esposito's research?

How do humans and animals operate physically and psychological?

John Watson relied on the pioneering work of _______ in establishing behaviorism as a paradigm of psychology

Ivan Pavlov

Who is the father of American psychology?

James

Which psychologist might have described himself as humanist?

Maslow

Who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology?

Max Wertheimer

Which psychologist was structuralist?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who is the father of contemporary psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

What is a hypothesis?

an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research

The behaviorist approach is to ___________ as the humanistic approach is to ___________.

associations, reinforcements, punishments; reaching one's full potential

"Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own special world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take one at random and train him/her to become any type of specialist,...lawyer, doctor..." What psychological approach would support this statement?

behavioral

Psychology is considered a science mainly because it relies on direct observation. Which perspective of psychology supports this?

behavioral

Which contemporary approach would ask how alcohol affects the brain?

biological

What influences our behavior according to a biological psychologist?

biological factors (genes, hormones, brain system)

Chemical changes in the brain associated with anxiety would be of most interest to a

biological/neuroscientist

If you want to be a industrial/organizational psychologist, you will probably take some classes on

business

The majority of psychologists have specialized in

clinical and counseling psychology

Dr. Pottebaum explains to a client that his feelings of hostility toward a friend are most likely caused by the way the client interprets the friend's actions and the way he thinks that people should behave at school. Dr. Pottebaum is most likely working from what perspective?

cognitive

Your professor says that memory, attention, problem-solving, and perception are key components of the ____________ approach

cognitive

A psychologist that develops an after school program to prevent kids from spending time alone at home in the afternoons is probably a

community psychologist

Psychodymanic/psychoanalyst focuses mainly on

conscious and unconscious experiences

Mrs. Pottebaum is a...

dear, sweet, kind, lovable, interesting, intelligent teacher

Lorna Durant did a study on the effect of family visits on the emotions of senior citizens residing in a nursing home. Dr. Durant is probably a

developmental psychologist

What influences our behavior according to a sociocultural psychologist?

ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior

What influences our behavior according to a behavioral psychologist?

events in the environment (rewards and punishments)

The vast majority of psychologists study

everyday behaviors and feelings

Psychologist who work with law-enforcement officers and develop personality profiles of criminals are known as

forensic psychologists

The humanistic perspective emerged in the middle of the 20th century and emphasized

free will and the ability people have for self-understanding and self-actualization

A psychologist named William James studied how mental processes help people and animals adapt to their environment. This early approach to psychology is called

functionalism

What influences our behavior according to a cognitivist?

how we process, store, and retrieve information

When psychology was focusing too much on the psychological problems that are associated with traumatic and abusive early life experiences, the ___________ approach emerged to emphasize that adults can choose to live a positive and self-actualized life.

humanistic

What influences our behavior according to a humanistic?

individual or self-directed choices

Psychoanalytic psychology focuses mainly on

internal conflict and unconscious desires

The research methodology of Wilhelm Wundt used is called

introspection

What role did Rene Descartes play in the development of psychology?

led to biological psychology by suggesting that human sensations/behaviors were based on activity in the nervous system

The British naturalist Charles Darwin is best known for his suggestion that

organisms that are best adapted to their environment survive and pass on their characteristics to their offspring

Structuralism is to _________ as functionalism is to _________

parts; purpose

Which of the following best summarizes the humanistic approach?

people are basically good and all have the potential to reach self-actualization

Cognitivist, such as Jean Piaget, concern themselves with way in which information is

processed, stored, and used

A medical doctor/professional who treats people with mental illnesses are

psychiatrists

Clients who work with their therapist to explore their past to discover the source of their illness would be seeking what type of therapy?

psychoanalytic

Symbolic dream analysis might be an important research technique to a psychologist from which perspective?

psychoanalytic

Which approach should we use if we want to learn about the meaning of dreams and other conscious, subconscious, and unconscious experience?

psychoanalytic

Recount the story of Ivan Pavlov and the condition of the dog experiment

rang a tuning fork each time he gave a dog some meat powder. the dog would normally salivate when the powder reached its mouth. after pavlov repeated the procedure several times, the dog would salivate when it heard the ring of the tuning fork, even if no food appeared.

BF Skinner introduced the idea of ________ to the paradigm of behavioralism.

reinforcement and punishment

The specialist who works at a secondary school and consults with teachers about children's school achievement problems would most likely be in which field of specialization?

school psychology

Latinos in the United States are facing a variety of challenges that are resulting in higher numbers of high school dropouts than other ethnic groups. Which contemporary perspective in psychology would be appropriate to study this tendency?

sociocultural

The conscious mental structures discovered by using the introspection method would be the most interest to a psychologist from the _____ perspective

structuralism

You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wudnt's theory of structuralism was the first psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his argument?

structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so empirical data resulted

One major difference between structuralism and functionalism is

structuralists wish to divide the mind into mental elements while functionalist believe behavior helps an organism adapt to the environment

A environmental psychologist focuses mainly on

studying the effects of natural disasters, overcrowding and pollution on the population and individuals

Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind depends on

the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of their memory

A developmental psychologist focuses mainly on

the manner in which a child develops the ability to speak, learn, and understand the world around him or her

What is psychology?

the study of human/animal behavior and mental processes

Which concept is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

the unconscious mind

What is consistent with cognitive perspective?

the way we process, imitate, and recall information influences our behavior

What is the main difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?

their education

The psychoanalytic approach is to ____________ as the cognitive approach is to _________

unconscious experience; mental processes

What influences behavior according to a psychoanalytic?

unconscious motivations

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

used introspection to study psychology which lead to the development of structuralism

What role does the scientific method play in psychology?

used to demonstrate and support theories and helps psychologists reach their conclusions

What is free association and what perspective of psychology is it used for?

when a patient said everything that came to mind without attempting to produce logical or meaningful statements and was believed to have revealed the operation of the unconscious mind; psychoanalytic

Briefly describe sport psychology

who: athletes what: help them refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and earn how to deal with anxiety and fear of failure

Briefly describe developmental psychology

who: children, elderly, process of dying what: studies physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout life

Briefly describe industrial/organizational psychology

who: employers/employees what: improve productivity, health, and quality of work life by helping with staffing, training, and employee development

Briefly describe counseling psychology

who: individuals of all ages, families, and organizations what: help people understand and take action on problems by giving them resources and helping them realize their strengths

Briefly describe community psychology

who: mental health or social welfare patients what: help design, run, or evaluate a mental health clinic

Briefly describe neuropsychology

who: normal brains and damaged brains what: explore the relationship between the brain and behavior

Briefly describe environmental psychology

who: people who interact with nature what: how people interact with nature

Briefly describe health psychology

who: sick people what: study how patients handle illness, why some people don't follow medical advice, to find effective ways to kill pain or change poor health habits

Briefly describe social psychology

who: social creatures what: study how a person's mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people

Briefly describe clinical psychology

who: specific people/groups what: assess and treat mental/emotional/behavioral disorders

Briefly describe educational/school psychology

who: students/teachers/staff at school what: motivation, student ability, consult with parents/teachers

Briefly describe forensic psychology

who: those involved with judiciary what: conduct research on jury behavior and can help judges make decisions on child custody

A forensic psychologist may be the best professional to consult if...

you are a defense attorney who needs to select a jury that will favor your client

Compared to other sciences, psychology is relatively young, because it is considered that MODERN psychology started approximately

100 years ago

In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression?

A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a Cognitivist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior