Chapter 1 Psychology quiz ANSWERS
________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.
correlation
operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
Health Psychology
focus on Interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors (biopsychosocial model).
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
hypothalamus
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.
narcolepsy
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi in order to understand the nature of ___________________.
self-actualization
Synapse
small gap between two neurons where communication occurs.
psyche means
soul
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
perceivable and measurable
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.
- intrinstic
Matt believes that all politicians are corrupt. As a result, every time a politician is charged with some crime, Matt asserts that his theory is correct. Matt is exhibiting
- confirmation bias
If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD
d. PhD
The culture display rule is one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of ________ that are acceptable.
emotion
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
developmental psychology
The acronym "OCEAN" refers to _________________.
the Big Five traits
Cornea
transparent covering over the eye
Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.
- client-centered
companionate love
- characteristics of close friendships and family relationships, consist of intimacy and commitment but no passion
PsyD
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
Approximately ____ of Americans experience a midlife crisis.
- 10-20%
_____ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors
- Dispositionism
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?
- It will probably lead to substance abuse.
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
- getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred.
- groupthink
habit
- is a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage. - Once we have engaged in a behavior that successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior whenever faced with that drive in the future
Prejudice
- negative attitude and feeling toward an individual basil Leon ones membership in a particular social group
Gabriel is just beginning to speak in sentences. He says "Milk all gone!" and "Go bye-bye." Gabriel is most likely _____ old.
- one and a half to three years
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
- optic
Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.
- optimism
Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
- play therapy
________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.
- protoconsciousness
Frankie is a cat who likes to climb on curtains. Frankie's owner is tired of his curtains being ruined by the cat, so he decides to stop this behavior by squirting Frankie with a water gun every time the cat goes near the curtains. This is an example of
- punishment
When you ask her, Kyung cannot remember the names of all fifty U.S. state capitals. However, when you then show her a list of U.S. city names, she can correctly point out all fifty capitals. Kyung originally had trouble remembering the state capitals because of poor
- recall
Mood
- refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. - Mood states may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion
According to the triangular theory of love, what type of love is defined by passion and intimacy but no commitment?
- romantic love
If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.
- self-efficacy
Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ___
- self-serving bias
Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior that is motivated by
- selfless helping of others
thalamus
- serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing.
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ____
- the scientific method
If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to your eye, the tone alone will eventually cause you to blink. In this example, the _____ is the conditioned stimulus and the blink response to the _____ is the conditioned response.
- tone; puff of air
Under what conditions will informational social influence be more likely?
- when the answer is unclear - when the group has expertise - both b and c
Aggression
- when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person
William James was the ________.
First American psychologist
psyche
Greek word for soul
Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
Jemma, competing in a marathon
What is a PsyD
Doctor of Psychology
4. A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable
d. were not testable
correlation
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
- Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?
- The cell membrane is semi-permeable.
Soma
cell body
random sample
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Top-down processing
interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.
Motivation
- describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Alfred Binet was primarily interested in
- developing a screening device for children in need of special instruction.
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology
- developmental
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of _____
- developmental milestones
What is the main idea of drive theory?
- deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a _____
- fundamental attribution error
reciprocity
- give and take in relationships - contribute to relationships but expect to receive benefits as well - 2 way street
In an experiment, a flash of light is paired with a mild electric shock to a participant's finger. After several trials, the participant begins to pull his finger away after seeing the flash of light. The experimenter then begins to present just the flash, but no shock. After several trials the participant will
- gradually cease pulling his finger away after the flash of light.
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
- having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
empty love
- having commitment without intimacy or passion
liking
- having intimacy but no passion or commitment
fatuous love
- having passion and commitment, but no intimacy, such as a long term sexual love affair.
What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
- helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ___
- hippocampus
After moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with
- his next door neighbor
When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ______
- homeostasis
Solomon Asch
- how people are affected by the thoughts & behaviors of other people.
What is described by the concept of perception?
- how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
___ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
- humanism
Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.
- hypnosis
Social loafing occurs when ___
- individual performance cannot be evaluated - the task is easy - both a and b
Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.
- intrinsic
Cyber bully victims and perpetrators
- more likely = suicidal
People are most likely to be attracted to someone who is
- more similar to themselves
________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.
- motivation
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?
- naturalistic observation
Discrimination
- negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group - folding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, waiting, and bias treatment of group members
Stereotype
- negative believe about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of
- negative reinforcement
Girls cyber bullying
- nonphysical, Lester act, girls that are cyber bullies were cyber bullied before
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
- obsessive-compulsive
operant conditioning
- organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence - pleasant consequence makes that behavior more likely to be repeated in the future. - example: Spirit, a dolphin at the National Aquarium in Baltimore, does a flip in the air when her trainer blows a whistle. The consequence is that she gets a fish.
Normative social influence
- people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group.
altruism
- people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping. - 9/11 example: going back into burning building to save/help coworkers
Mr. Nguyen is a very warm and caring boss. He often meets with his employees to discuss their work. His employees know what the rules are and why they help make the company more productive. If Mr. Nguyen's parenting style is similar to his managerial style, it will be
- permissive. - authoritative
Confederate
- person who is aware of experiment and works for the researcher. - used to manipulate social situations as part of research design. - 76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating incorrect line.
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.
- psychotic
Keleka's parents often deal with her misbehavior by not allowing her to watch her favorite TV program, Speed Racer. Marnie's parents deal with Marnie's misbehavior by spanking her. Keleka's parents are using _____, and Marnie's parents are using _____.
- punishment; punishment
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________
- revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Mike was unsure of how to reward his son Greg for getting good grades. "Should I buy him a baseball glove? A lava lamp? Hmmm, maybe a pet rock?" he thought. Mike's wife, Carol, suggested, "Why don't you give Greg some money? It's a nice _____ that he could use to get any of those things."
- secondary reinforcer
Bonzo the chimp loves chocolate chip cookies and will perform any task for his favorite treat. After several weeks of experiments, the psychologist studying Bonzo teaches the chimp that two poker chips can be traded for one cookie. Bonzo then learns new tasks in exchange for poker chips. Poker chips are now
- secondary reinforcers.
Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters, Sarah and Mia, to practice their golf swing every day. Each time after Sarah finishes practicing, he gives her five dollars, and each time after Mia finishes practicing, he gives her a handful of candy. Sarah is receiving a _____ reinforcer and Mia is receiving a _____ reinforcer.
- secondary; primary
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ___
- sexist
William James was the _____
- first American psychologist
Effects of cyber bullying
- frustration, anger, sadness, hopelessness, powerlessness, and fear, lower self-esteem
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
computerized tomography (CT) scan
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
1800s
When was Principles of Physiological Psychology by Wilhelm Wundt published?
1873
whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions
Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?
Unlike posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout is the result of
- physiological events.
Instinct
- species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.
The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ____
- why empirical research is needed
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
1800's
scientific study of the mind
Psychology refers to the ________.
How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?
We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
Example of informational Social influence
What to do in emergency situation
Confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes change in both variables.
Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?
whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese
Pete is a very aggressive child who watches a lot of violent programs on television. Research has found a statistically significant positive correlation between watching television and behaving aggressively. Based on this correlational evidence, which of the following statements is true about Pete's aggression?
- Several factors could be influencing both Pete's aggression and his preference for violent shows.
Katy thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250 a month. Marty tells her that he saw one advertised for $600 a month. Katy changes her original estimate and now thinks that she can get an apartment for $300 a month. Katy's revised estimate is affected by the _____ heuristic
- anchoring
Behaviorists study ___
- learned behavior
physiological responses that result in action
Behaviorists all focus on _______.
Which of the following does not influence perception?
Gestalt
Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?
Naomi Weisstein
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?
dissertation
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
evolution by natural selection
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.
modified the way witnesses are questioned
population
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
paranoid
Parietal lobe
part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of PET scanning? A. An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI. B. It is unable to pinpoint events in time. C. There is a low level of detail. D. There is radiation exposure.
A. An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the __________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology
A. biology
Trephination is the _____________. A. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape C. technique that helps ensure the validity of experimental results D. theory that mental illness is caused by demonic possession
B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape
Independent variable
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group.
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
- Melatonin initiates the waking cycle
The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.
- amygdala
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
- chewing on your hair to relieve stress
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.
19%
theory
A(n) _______ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work
C. mid- and top-level management
In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Five Factors
________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
Jane Goodall
Is genetics destiny?
No. While genetics are important in behavior and personality, non-shared environmental factors are more influential.
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food.(Pavlov's dog)
Children like to pour ink on one side of a piece of paper, fold the paper, and then figure out what the resulting shape looks like. This activity is most like which of the following personality measures?
Rorschach test
What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?
They are all examples of applied psychology
Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?
Thomas Szasz
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
a person's unconscious
24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. a. informed consent b. debriefing c. IRB d. ethics
a. informed consent
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
generalize
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
Behaviorists study
learned behavior
hippocampus
- integrates emotional experience with cognition
Yerkes-Dodson law,
- which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
concern over germs
inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
adrenal
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
hypothesis
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
sport and exercise psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.
postdoctoral
American Psychological Association
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
illusory correlation
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
21. ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research. a. informed consent; deception b. IACUC; IRB c. IRB; IACUC d. deception; debriefing
b. IACUC; IRB
The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation
b. PsyD
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.
behavior and mental processes
Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
behavior therapy
19. Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. a. randomly assign b. randomly select c. operationalize d. generalize
c. operationalize
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."
change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding variable
Reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result.
According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.
effectively a dissociated state of consciousness
________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
eustress
Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?
examination of anatomy and physiology
Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
exhaustion
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?
four
PhD
(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
Who described the collective unconscious?
- Carl Jung
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of _____
- Gestalt psychology
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
- Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.
According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.
- James-Lange
For greatest effect in Classical Conditioning, what should be the relationship of the UCS and the CS?
- The CS should be presented just before the UCS
Describe two disadvantages of the fight or flight response in our modern world.
- The fight or flight response is good in how immediate reactions can be life saving or relieve the stress of not overthinking the situation. A down side is that it's usually an emotional response versus a logical response which is more than likely not the best decision. - The fight or flight response is involved in our responses to psychological stressors and is associated with an increased risk of heart disease and impaired immune response.
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.
- alpha
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
- assimilation
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
- autism spectrum disorder
Etiology is another word for _______
- causes
Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.
- counterconditioning
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
- electroencephalography (EEG)
The three basic processes of memory are
- encoding, storage, and retrieval
June and Ward want their children, Wally and the Beaver, to clean up their room. They decide to use the technique of negative reinforcement. This means that they should
- excuse the children from a daily chore they dislike whenever they clean up their room.
Social loafing
- exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group - individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group - example: group project
Self-fulfilling prophecy
- expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true - act according to our stereo typical expectations
Popular TV programs portray approximately 75% of individuals with mental illness as being violent, even though the true percentage is much lower than that. This is an example of which common contributor to psychological myths?
- exposure to a biased sample
Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?
- involuntary
cultural display rule
- is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable - people from varying cultural backgrounds can have very different cultural display rules of emotion. For example, research has shown that individuals from the United States express negative emotions like fear, anger, and disgust both alone and in the presence of others, while Japanese individuals only do so while alone
In the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to ________ social influence.
- normative
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
- object permanence
A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.
- patient
infatuation
- presence of passion without intimacy or commitment
Cyber bullying
- repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person - covert, concealed, done in private, bully can remain anonymous - bully anominity= Power, victim feels helpless, unable to escape harassment, unable to relate
Blair is asked a question during a game of Trivial Pursuit. The answer is on the tip of his tongue, but he can't come up with it. Which of the following memory processes failed him?
- retrieval
For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this
- stimulus hierarchy
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _____
- study the function of behavior
Which of the following adolescents is least likely to be targeted for bullying?
- the captain of the football team
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships?
- the people with whom you have the most contact - important factor: proximity--- more likely to be friends with people you have more contact with ex: people that live in your dorm -similarity: more likely to become friends with someone with similar background
For those making $50,000 per year or more, differences in actual amount earned do not correlate with happiness.
- true
You are an organism at some point during your prenatal development. Just seconds ago, your complete set of DNA was assembled for the first time. Right now, you are a(n)
- zygote
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
-0.5
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?
-after he has received some exciting news
empathy
-capacity to understand another person's perspective to feel what he or she feels. - emotional connection to other person & feels compelled to help
The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.
-grammar
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
-independent; dependent
Symptoms of groupthink
1. Believing it can do no wrong, invulnerable/invincible 2. Be leaving group is morally right 3. Self censorship by group members= withholding information to avoid disrupting the group consensus 4. Quashing of dissenting group members opinions 5. Shielding of the group leader from dissenting views 6. Perceiving and illusion of unamity among group members 7. Holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward the outgroup or others with differing viewpoints
2 types of aggression
1. Hostile aggression: motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain - example: fight in bar with a stranger 2. Instrumental aggression: motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain - example: A contract killer who murders for hire displays instrumental aggression
How to avoid groupthink
1. Seeking outside opinions 2. Voting in private 3. Having leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their views 4. Conducting research on all viewpoints 5. Weighing costs and benefits of all options 6. Developing a contingency plan
Factors likely to yield group pressure in Asch effect study
1. Size of the majority 2. Presence of another dissenter 3. Public of relatively private nature of responses are key to influences on conformity. - easily seen in children when they have to publicly vote for something
Bowling involves three parties
1. The bully- positive experience = boost self-esteem 2. Victim- decreased mental health, including anxiety and depression, underperform in schoolwork, committing suicide 3. Witnesses or bystanders
hypothesis
(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Adult humans use what percentage of their brain tissue?
- 100%
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
- 2
After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book and placing it into short term memory, Fred discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Fred is not rehearsing the number, what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?
- 20 seconds
Roughly what percent of college students report having had an Out of Body Experience?
- 25%
An IQ score of 100 or less on the latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) is achieved by about _____ percent of the test takers in any particular age group.
- 50
What evidence discussed in the previous section suggests that cyberbullying is difficult to detect and prevent?
- Cyberbullying is difficult to prevent because there are so many forms of media that adolescents use and are exposed to. The Internet is virtually everywhere: computers, phones, tablets, TVs, gaming systems, and so on. Parents likely do not monitor all of their children's use of the Internet, thus their children could be exposed to cyberbullying without their knowledge. Cyberbullying is difficult to detect because it can be done anonymously. Cyberbullies can use pseudonyms and can attack victims in untraceable ways, such as hacking into Facebook accounts or making Twitter posts on their behalf.
Briefly describe the concept of emerging adulthood.
- Emerging adulthood happens between the ages of 18-20 years old, where they are starting to explore the world more and do things more independently but their minds are still growing and not fully capable of making the best decisions yet.
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
- REM
Who developed psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common
- They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________
- actor-observer bias
Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
- affiliation
Harry is asked to imagine what the world would be like if humans had never invented the wheel. According to Piaget, if Harry is able to think abstractly about this problem, Harry is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
- formal operational
Frustration aggression theory
- function of human aggression, when humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive
Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?
- group therapy
Marta is lecturing on the first day of her Introduction to Linguistics course. She starts by explaining that every language contains the essential element(s) of
- lexicons and grammar
In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.
- lucid
Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.
- lucid
Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________
- process of closing large asylums
A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ______
- psycho-educational treatment
Because John broke his curfew, his parents told him that he could not use the car for a month. This is an example of
- punishment
________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.
- self-efficacy
In order to get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Kathy starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Kathy then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as
- shaping
self-disclosure
- sharing of personal information - form more intimate connections w/people we self disclose to
What is vertigo?
- spinning sensation
Diffusion of responsibility
- tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
homophily
- tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business, relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar. - limits our exposure to diversity
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________
- teratogens
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology
A. clinical psychology
the use of reinforcement and punishment
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ______.
learned behavior
Behaviorists study ________.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor?
Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.
How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality?
Both types of sexuality involve loving another person.
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation
C. hypothesis
Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
Carl Rogers
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?
Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias B. observer bias C. participant bias D. placebo effect
D. placebo effect
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of
Gestalt psychology
another person's consciousness
Introspection referes to a process by which someone examines _______ as objectively as possible.
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?
It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
John Watson
Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the Principles of_________, and hypothesizes the misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.
Psychoanalytic theory
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."
Remove the phrase "do not."
Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
observation
The empirical method of study is based on ______.
Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?
The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.
One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?
There is a relationship between gender and intended major
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
William Wundt
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
1800s
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?
Youthful looks provide fertility clues
the first person to be referred to as a psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky
b. Max Wertheimer
Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul c. behavior d. love
b. soul
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
basic survival needs
Congenital
been since birth
Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?
behavioral inhibition
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
beta-endorphin
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
billions
23. A person's participation in a research project must be ________. a. confidential b. rewarded c. voluntary d. public
c. voluntary
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
Psychodynamic perspective
is a modern version of psychoanalysis. It is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations.
Humanism
is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
cognitive psychology
is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognition, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.
Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.
jet lag
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________.
manic episodes
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.
neuroticism
Behaviorists all focus on_______
physiological responses that result in action
Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?
schizophrenia
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
scientific theory
________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
seasonal pattern
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.
social support
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to
study the function of behavior
structuralism
to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind
negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
independent variable
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.
glial cell
empirical
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?
homeostasis
Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
industrial-organizational
naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
first American psychologist
William James was the ________.
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
romantic love
- having passion and intimacy, but not commitment
consummate love
- healthy relationship will have three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment
Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.
- homeostasis
what is the order of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first?
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels
- homeostasis
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to________
study the function of behavior***
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ____
- thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Stereotype example
- yankee fans are arrogant and obnoxious
triangular theory of love
1. intimacy- sharing of details and intimate thoughts & emotions 2. passion- the physical attraction, the flame in the fire. 3. commitment- the standing by the person, the "in sickness & health" part of the relationship.
These experimental requirements were put in place to eliminate "interpretation" in the reporting of internal experiences and to counter the argument that there is no way to know that an individual is observing their mind or consciousness accurately, since it cannot be seen by any other person:
1.) The first stringent requirement was the use of "trained" or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction. 2.) The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the inner reaction.
About what percent of all bachelor degrees granted in the United States are in the discipline of psychology?
6 percent
The _________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A. circadian B. homeostatic C. meta D. pineal
A. circadian
Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? A. congenital analgesia B. inherited numbness C. nociception D. Pacinian Syndrome
A. congenital analgesia
__________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. glutamate D. serotonin
B. dopamine
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ___________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity
C. replication
Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?
Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.
double-blind
In a ______ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
case study
Krista and Tatiana Hogan area participants in a(n) _______ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
illusory correlation
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ______.
Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?
The cell membrane is semi-permeable
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape
Trephination is the ________.
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
It is complex
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
introspection ("internal perception")
a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.
The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka
a. Skinner
Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what is designed to measure.
validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
Chomsky (1928-)
an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. He believed that psychology's focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to re-incorporate mental functioning into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behav
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
androgens
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
counseling psychology
area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
22. Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. a. informed consent b. deception c. ethics d. debriefing
b. deception
3. Scientific knowledge is ________. a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective
b. empirical
________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud
c. Abraham Maslow
A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.
clinical
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
clinical psychology
Iris
colored portion of the eye
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
Lens
curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye.
Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?
dependent personality disorder
Operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables.
Freud believed that the use of defense mechanisms ________________.
helpful as long as they are not overused
What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?
how a threat is perceived
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long-term
A theta wave is a type of ________.
low frequency, low amplitude brain wave
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
naturalistic observation
Industrial/organizational psychologists
study the relationship between people and their work environment. Can suggest ways to increase productivity, decrease job turnover, personnel selection, employee training programs, etc.
participants
subjects of psychological research
sample
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________
suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
ology
suffix that denotes "scientific study of"
fact
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
Naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting.
Parasomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
organizing the books
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.
parasomnias
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be
perceivable and measurable
opinion
personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?
problem focused
replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability
Replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability.
psychology refers to the
scientific study of the mind.
Which of the following is an example of eustress?
training for a marathon
personality psychology
tudy of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.
veterinarian
During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.
vocabulary spurt
Margaret Washburn (1871-1939)
was a student of Titchener's. After becoming the first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology
Retina
light-sensitive lining of the eye.
Archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships.
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.
openess
behaviorism
focus on observing and controlling behavior
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.
psychotic
They could research peer- reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported
Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
Subliminal message
Message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness.
Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?
The immune system is weakened.
behaviorism
The study of observing and controlling behavior
What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood
The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."
What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.
The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."
The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
Wernicke's area
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first
Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky
behavioral approach
a psychological perspective emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25
a. -.90
16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. a. it is closest to 0 b. it is closest to -1 c. it is positive d. it is negative
a. it is closest to 0
8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach
a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
An empirical method is
acquiring knowledge is based on observation, including experimentation.
postdoctoral training program
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
an American psychologist who believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy and that people were more than capable of dealing with and working through their own issues of those factors were met.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis. Freud theorized that many of his patients' problems arose from the unconscious mind.
Hysteria
an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause.
humanistic approach
an approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny
Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Mercy probably suffers from ________.
anorexia
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
another person's consciousness
Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?
asthma
In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5
b. 2/3
Importance of Gestalt psych contribution
considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts became an important foundation in humanistic theory late in the century
reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O
d. I-O
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard
d. unconditional positive regard
Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.
dependent variable
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology
developmental
Body dysmorphia is a ________.
distorted body image
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Action potential
electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon.
Counseling Psychology
emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
favoring women over men
The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.
feedback
William James was the ________.
first american psychologist who was a functionalist/ Darwinist
experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
Experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance.
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.
hypnosis
Social psychologists
investigate how people feel, think, and behave in various social settings.
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
Which of the following is an example of avolition?
lack of motivation to bathe yourself
survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
moral reasoning
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
more than one gene
Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.
motivation
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________.
no longer providing that same enjoyment
Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?
no sensation in his legs and feet
Sensory adaptation
not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.
If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Temporal lobe
part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex.
Frontal lobe
part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex.
biopsychosocial model
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health
If you believe that you can detect whether someone is gay or straight or whether someone is a Democrat or a Republican based on their facial characteristics, then you believe in the personality assessment approach known as ____________.
physiognomy
Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.
quasi-experimental
attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.
scatterplot
Educational psychologists
specialize in the study of teaching and learning. May help train teachers or other educational professionals. May conduct research inside the classroom. May help prepare achievement tests, school curriculum, diagnose learning problems, test students, etc.
For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?
stimulus hierarchy
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.
the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
Transgender hormone therapy is ________.
the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex
While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.
there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
was an American psychologist. Studied how behavior was affected by its consequences. (Reinforcement & punishment, used a Skinner box)
William James (1842-1910)
was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable
- dependent
Typically, those age 70 when compared to those age 30 rate themselves as
- happier
Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?
- play therapy
What is amplitude?
- the height of a wave
Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
- unconditional positive regard
A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.
- undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a _____ schedule.
- variable-ratio
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
- water
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
- zygote
A difference in _____________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture
C. genetics
In-group bias
Can result in prejudice and discrimination because the outgroup is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in group
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ___________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness
D. openness
Congenital deafness refers to deafness __________. A. as a result of disease B. as a result of old age C. due to deliberate damage D. since birth
D. since birth
introspection
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible Guillermo is engaged in _______.
Bullying
- Negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, overtime, repeated action - physical, verbal, and psychological
What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?
- No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.
components of emotion
- Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. - informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures.
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
- Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first _____ after learning.
- twenty minutes
prosocial behavior
- voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people.
study the function of behavior
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _______.
The concept of perceived control refers to ________.
- beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives
According to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ________ and minimize the ________ in relationships.
- benefits; costs
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation
- beta-endorphin
Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?
- breathing
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
- can perform miracles
Obidence
- change of an individual's behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure - concerned about a consequence of they do not comply.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?
As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.
What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?
Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.
The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.
People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.
A stressor is best defined as
- an event that causes an individual to change or adapt.
Wilhelm Wundt
(1832-1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. One of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological research.
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
- 26%
The average individual that receives treatment is better off than ______ of those that do not receive treatment
- 79%
While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.
- hypnosis; meditation
the mind and behavior
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study _________.
Why is psychology considered a social science?
Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others (i.e., it is an interaction between variables that can be studied).
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Skinner box
A(n) _________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.
____________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation
A. action potential
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that __________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A. attention B. friendship C. habit D. mood
A. attention
Explain the opponent-process theory.
According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other. So, a cell that was excited by wavelengths associated with green would be inhibited by wavelengths associated with red, and vice versa.
Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Adderall
An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos
B. debrief participants; deception
Sleep apnea is defined by _________________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
thinking critically
Char heard from her friends that marijuana can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. blind group assignment; random sampling C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. random sampling; random group assignment
D. random sampling; random group assignment
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? A. It can result in sleeping problems. B. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. C. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.
D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.
In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why? A. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. B. Men need to display their mates as a trophy. C. Women are not as superficial as men. D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.
D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.
Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?
Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.
________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.
Institutional Review Board
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.
Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?
Male bias exists in science.
__________ is a discredited pseudo-scientific theory of the brain that claimed that personality characteristics could be determined by examining bumps on a person's skull.
Phrenology
In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
Populations of developed nations are living longer
Sigmund Freud is the founder of
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?
Stroop effect
personality psychology
Study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?
They are all examples of applied psychology.
Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.
Type B
mid- and top-level management
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?
neuroticism
When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the _____ trait.
-0.5
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
Ida is charming
Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?
John Watson
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
Gestalt "whole"
a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social
a. biological
biological approach
an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey
b. case study
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.
biological; social
Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?
breathing
12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization
c. attrition
One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral
c. master's
6. ________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey
c. naturalistic observation
7. The major limitation of case studies is ________. a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability
c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.
case study
Conductive
caused by age, genetic disposition, or environmental effects.
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Prader-Willi syndrome is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems.
change the name "Prader-Willi syndrome" to the name "Autism Spectrum Disorder"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."
change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."
change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: physiological and social.
change the word "social" to the word "cognitive"
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
conscientiousness
personality trait
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?
coping
15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Smart students watch less television. c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above
d. all of the above
9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research
d. archival research
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation
d. proposed explanation
11. A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case Study c. naturalistic observation d. survey
d. survey
1. Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. a. observable b. original c. provable d. testable
d. testable
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.
distress
Sociocultural
emphasizes social and cultural influences on human behavior and stresses the importance of understanding those when we interpret the behavior of others.
Psychodynamic
emphasizes the role of unconscious motivation, interpersonal relationships and early childhood experiences in determining behavior.
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
endocrine; hormone
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.
extroversion
what is the foucus of health psychology?
fcuseson how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. these three factors make up an approach known as the biopsychosocial model.
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.v
flow
psychoanalytic theory
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
Functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy.
group
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
humanism
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
Threshold of excitation
level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.
dissertation
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training
In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.
lucid
A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.
metabolic
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
Random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.
correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
introspection
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.
psychoanalytic theory
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that sometimes is used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia.
deception
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?
running away
________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.
rural areas
developmental psychology
scientific study of development across a lifespan
Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.
significantly elevated rates of heart disease
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.
stimulants
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
cognitive psychology
study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
study the function of behavior
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
type of play; no play
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
was an influential American psychologist. Watson thought that the study of consciousness was flawed. He believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible. Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)
were three German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various Gestalt principles.
debriefing
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
Observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ___________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants
A. basic survival needs
Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ___________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable
A. dependent variable
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. dissertation B. PhD C. postdoctoral D. PsyD
A. dissertation
The empirical method of study is based on _________. A. guesswork B. observation C. practice D. statistics
B. observation
Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud
D. Sigmund Freud
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A. Longitudinal research is time consuming. B. Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
Behaviorists study __________. A. a person's unconscious mind B. chemical and hormonal changes C. dreams D. learned behavior
D. learned behavior
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory
D. scientific theory
What is a limitation that affects the generalization of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size
D. small sample size
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
the hierarchy of human needs
________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards
- extrinsic
A more appropriate name for the so called "lie-detector" test might be
- the arousal detector
sociocultural approach
A psychological perspective that examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior.
Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ____________ psychology. A. biological B. Gestalt C. industrial-organizational D. social
C. industrial-organizational
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ___________. A. behaviorism B. client-centered therapy C. introspection D. psychoanalysis
C. introspection
Honeybees can see light in the _________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A. beta B. gamma C. infrared D. ultraviolet
D. ultraviolet
clinical psychology
Diagnosis, treatment of psychological disorders
Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?
He is considered the founder of behaviorism
industrial-organizational
Josh wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Josh should conduct research in the area of ______ psychology.
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
a person's unconscious
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ______ and early childhood experiences.
Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?
The cell membrane is semi-permeable.
The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive"
What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
tentative explanation
Which of the following defines hypothesis?
whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese
Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?
scientific theory
Which of the following refers to the broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
falsifiable
able to be disproven by experimental results
Which group is play therapy often used to treat?
children
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
knowing your opinion is correct
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.
manifest
Inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event.
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?
mid- and top-level management
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
clinical or case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait
openness
Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.
optimism
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.
physiological and cognitive
Suppose you are watching a move on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of _________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaption D. top-down processing
A. a subliminal message
____________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. archival B. correlational C. experimental D. survey
A. archival
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example. of ___________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias
A. confirmation bias
Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?
Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.
___________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. cause-and-effect B. correlation C. reliability D. validity
B. correlation
___________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. A. cognitive behavioral B. dissociative C. Jungian D. social-cognitive
B. dissociative
Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. cornea B. iris C. lens D. retina
B. iris
__________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity
B. reliability
Which of the following is NOT a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research? A. It may be difficult to generalize findings to other groups. B. They are more educated than the general public. C. They have higher attrition rates than other populations. D. They tend to be more liberal than the general public.
C. They have higher attrition rates than other populations.
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ____________. A. correlation B. fact C. illusory correlation D. opinion
C. illusory correlation
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey
C. naturalistic observation
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. cornea B. linear C. optic D. photoreceptor
C. optic
__________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. insomnia B. NREM phase C. parasomnia D. REM phase
C. parasomnia
Psychology refers to the _____________. A. empirical study of humanity B. experimental study of individuals C. scientific study of the mind D. systematic study of human interaction
C. scientific study of the mind
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ___________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior
C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ___________. A. how behaviors have changed over time. B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait
C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. this is an example of ____________. A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. tolerance D. withdrawal
C. tolerance
___________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. archival B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal
D. longitudinal
Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? A. circadian rhythm B. consciousness C. jet lag D. sleep
D. sleep
Cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.
Insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time.
Longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had.
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
can perform miracles
There is a strong relationship between positive self talk and cancer survival
- false
Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
- a habit
Which of the following is an example of eustress?
- training for a marathon
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey
C. longitudinal
What is a PsyD?
Doctor of Psychology, with emphasis on clinical skills
Which of the following does not influence perception
Gestalt
Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe—an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what represents the cognitive distortion?
Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe
Which of the following is an example of a projective psychological test?
Thematic Apperception Test
Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?
counseling psychology
Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree
d. bachelor's degree
20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. statistical analysis d. placebo
d. placebo
Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.
depressing central nervous system activity
statistical analysis
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
Peer reviewers ________.
help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings
Regarding the development of personality, it is currently believed that _____________________.
heredity has some influence on personality, but environment also has a strong influence
The area of psychology called behavioral genetics is providing evidence that _________________________.
inheritance sets a range of behaviors for most aspects of personality
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcerment of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
operant conditioning
Occipital lobe
part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex.
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
Freud described developmental stages of personality as periods during which the individual ______________________.
seeks pleasure from different areas of the body
control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on __________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity
B. a person's unconscious
The space between two neurons is called the _________. A. soma B. synapse C. terminal button D. vesicle
B. synapse
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal
D. temporal
Terminal button
axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles.
Control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups.
psychology
scientific study of mind and behavior
biopsychology
study of how biology influences behavior
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
overjustification effect
- intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
- frontal
How long does psychoanalysis typically take?
- years
Asch effect
- influence of the majorly on an individual's judgment
A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.
- Skinner box
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
- basic survival needs
The boy who jokingly "cried wolf" warned townspeople of the presence of a wolf when none was in fact present. Later, a wolf did appear, but the boy's cries of warnings were ignored. What process explains why no one came to his aid?
- Discrimination
Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?
- Dorothea Dix
Fred was tired of hearing two-year-old Pebbles cry whenever she did not get her way. Fred decided to ignore Pebbles anytime she had a crying outburst. Over the course of several weeks, the frequency of outbursts decreased and eventually ceased. What operant conditioning process was Fred utilizing?
- Extinction
"I don't know what operant conditioning is," Mindy sighs. Tim scoffs and says, "Sure you do. Basically, in operant conditioning, a(n) _____ is associated with a(n) _____."
- behavior; consequence
Shania is in court being cross-examined about a car accident that she witnessed. If the defense attorney wants to manipulate Shania's recall of the accident in favor of her client, which of the following questions would she be most likely to ask?
- "How fast was my client going when he made contact with the truck?"
A person conveying an episodic memory is most likely to say which of the following?
- "I remember when . . ."
extrinsic
- (arising from external factors) - performed in order to receive something from others.
Intrinsic
- (arising from internal factors) - because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring
The likelihood that two people in a group of 25 will share the same birthday is
- 50%
Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?
- Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.
________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.
- Abraham Maslow
Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
- According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
- Adderall
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
- Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?
- All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.
A telephone survey is conducted, asking 3,000 participants to anonymously report the number of hours that their children watch television for each week. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this study design?
- An advantage is that the large number of participants increases the generalizability of the results. A disadvantage is that the researchers are relying on self-reported findings, which often have limitations.
Operant Conditioning
- Approach: The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. - Timing: The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response.
How can an alcoholic use the principle of taste aversion to stop drinking?
- By connecting a bad memory or experience with drinking, an alcoholic can stop drinking by consistent practice with this theory. -Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Alcoholics who wish to use taste aversion could take an emetic that will cause vomiting only if alcohol is ingested. If they ingest alcohol they will throw up and gradually come to associate the taste of alcohol with nausea and avoid alcohol in the future.
The original research from which the idea of the Mozart effect was take was done with
- College students listening to music
Classical Conditioning
- Conditioning approach An unconditioned stimulus (such as food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (salivation). - Stimulus timing The stimulus occurs immediately before the response.
What are some barriers to receiving mental health treatment?
- Finding treatment sources is not always easy: There may be limited options, especially in rural areas and low-income urban areas; waiting lists to receive care; poor quality of care available for indigent patients; and financial obstacles such as high co-pays, deductibles, and time off from work.
Derek is mowing the lawn when a wheel falls off the lawnmower. Derek cannot find a screwdriver, so he uses the edge of a dime to screw the wheel back on. Derek has overcome which obstacle to problem solving?
- Functional fixedness
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
- Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
- Gestalt
In-group
- Group that we identify with or see ourselves belonging to
Out-group
- Group we don't belong to, or group we view as fundamentally different from us. - example: female=in group---- out group=male
The primary cause of ulcers is
- H. pylori bacteria
Mateo has a dog named Princess Sparklewhiskers. Mateo uses classical conditioning to train Princess Sparklewhiskers to run to the door every time he gets the dog leash. How can he use higher order conditioning to condition another stimulus?
- He can pair the conditioned stimulus (getting the dog leash), which results in Princess Sparklewhiskers running to the door, with a second unconditioned stimulus, such as clapping his hands. Eventually, Princess Sparklewhiskers will run to the door when he claps his hands, even when he does not have the dog leash. this would be a process of operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning.
Compare and contrast hostile and instrumental aggression
- Hostile aggression is intentional with the purpose to inflict pain. Hostile aggression is often motivated by anger. In contrast, instrumental aggression is not motivated by anger or the intention to cause pain. Instrumental aggression serves as a means to reach a goal. In a sense it is a more practical or functional form of aggression, whereas hostile aggression is more emotion-driven and less functional and rational.
The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.
- I
Prejudice example
- I hate Yankee fans, they make me angry
Discrimination example
- I would never hire nor become friends with the person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
- In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?
- It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
- It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
- It is complex
Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?
- James-Lange theory
Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
- Jemma, competing in a marathon
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
- John Watson
Define cognitive dissonance and provide a real-life example of it.
- Making a decision or doing something you know is wrong but still do it. I drink soda even though I know it's not a part of my diet and I continue to do it knowing all the bad side effects. - Cognitive dissonance is a psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions). For example, I know I should drive safely and keep my car around the speed limit because it is safer. I consider myself to be a cautious person and a safe driver. Yet, whenever I am on the highway, I exceed the posted speed limit by 15 miles per hour or more. I experience cognitive dissonance because I behave differently (speeding) from how I think I should (driving safely).
Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely in the future to make goofy faces to make Jacob stop crying?
- Negative reinforcement
What are some things that motivate people in the United States to seek treatment for mental illness?
- People who are feeling very depressed, complaining about hearing voices, or feeling anxious all the time might seek psychological treatment. A friend, spouse, or parent might refer someone for treatment. Some people seek treatment because they are involved with the state's child protective services. The parents might be referred to psychiatric or substance abuse facilities and the children would likely receive treatment for trauma. Some people seek therapy because the criminal justice system referred them or required them to go.
Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?
- People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
What determines whether we adopt a problem-focused or an emotion-focused coping approach?
- Problem-focused coping is more likely to occur when we encounter stressors that we perceive as controllable, while emotion-focused coping is more likely to predominate when we are faced with stressors that we believe we are powerless to change.
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?
- Rosalind Cartwright
Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?
- Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
- Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
Why is social support connected to better health outcomes?
- Social support can be thought of as soothing the impact of friends, family and acquaintences. Social support appears to work by boosting he immune system specially those who are experiencing stress. Additionally social support has been shown to reduce blood pressure for people performing stressful tasks. These findings suggest that social support is connected to favorable health outcomes because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations. One of the reasons social support is connected to favorable health outcomes is because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations. It is also possible that social support may lead to better health behaviors, such as eating healthy, exercising, smoking cessation, and cooperating with medical regimens.
Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?
- Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.
Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?
- Stimulus generalization
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
- The process was highly subjective.
Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?
- The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology
Compare and contrast the self-serving bias with the actor-observer bias.
- The self-serving bias is the tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes. The actor-observer bias is when people explain other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and explain their own behaviors are due to situational forces. Both are attribution errors. The actor-observer bias involves making a fundamental attribution error about other people and assuming that our own actions are caused by situational errors. The self-serving bias involves making a fundamental attribution error when we are successful and attributing our failures to external factors.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."
- The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
- The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
Jerry and Tommy each studied for exactly ten hours to get ready for the psychology midterm exam. Jerry studied during the ten hours immediately preceding the exam. Tommy studied for one hour per day on each of the ten days immediately preceding the exam. Assuming all else is equal between Jerry and Tommy, how well are they likely to do on the exam?
- Tommy should do better than Jerry
The evolutionary theory argues that humans are motivated to perpetuate their genes and reproduce. Using an evolutionary perspective, describe traits in men and women that humans find attractive.
- Traits that promote reproduction in females warmth, affection, and social skills; women with these traits are presumably better able to care for children. Traits that are desired in males include achievement, leadership qualities, and job skills; men with these traits are thought to be better able to financially provide for their families
Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?
- Variable interval
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
- Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky
Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?
- Women report experiencing more stress than men.
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
- You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
- Zimbardo did not use a control group.
Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of prenatal development?
- Zygotic, embryonic, fetal
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
- a person's unconscious
emotion
- a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. - The words emotion and mood are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychologists use these words to refer to two different things. - Typically, the word emotion indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience - consciously experienced and intentional
Scapegoating
- act of blaming and out to group when the in group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
- action potential
Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
- active listening
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
- being outside the home alone
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ____
- adaptation
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
- afterimage
Jeff, a toddler, has malformations of his face, including his nose and upper lip. He has also been diagnosed with mental retardation. Jeff's condition was most likely caused by his mother's _____ while she was pregnant.
- alcohol abuse
Shalena has forgotten all but the middle two letters of her computer password. She decides to insert every combination of letters in the missing spaces to try to find her password. She eventually comes upon the right combination. Shalena used a(n) _____ to recover her password.
- algorithm
hippocampus
- also involved in emotional processing. Like the amygdala, research has demonstrated that hippocampal structure and function are linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders.
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
- ambivalent/resistant
Monika becomes very upset when her mother leaves and acts angry when her mother returns. Heather tolerates her mother's absences and is happy when her mother returns. Philip ignores his mother when she approaches or returns after a short absence. Monika has a(n) _____ attachment, Heather has a(n) _____ attachment, and Philip has a(n) _____ attachment.
- ambivalent; secure; avoidant
Mindy took apart her alarm clock in an attempt to repair it, and now she has to put it back together. She forgot how the pieces were connected, so she tries fitting each piece with every other piece until she finds one that fits. Mindy's approach to problem solving demonstrates
- an algorithm
Self-efficacy
- an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task.
Natalie estimates that she will get an A+ in her math class. When she receives a C- on the first exam, she changes her estimate of her course grade to an A. Natalie is being affected by the _____ heuristic
- anchoring
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
- another person's consciousness
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.
- anxiety
In comparison to those of younger ages, individuals around age 80
- are about the same in memory retention and intelligence
James-Lange theory
- asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. - If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate - would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place.
facial feedback hypothesis
- asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier
Much of popular psychology is based on
- assumptions about behavior based on intuition
________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
- asylums
Early maturing boys are _____
- at a higher risk of delinquency
The close, emotional bond that develops between an infant and caregiver is known as a(n)
- attachment
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
- attitude
Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?
- audition
Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.
- authoritarian style, the parent places high value on conformity and obedience while authoritative are a little more sensitive but place a high value in discipline - With the authoritative style, the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child's point of view. Parents set rules and explain the reasons behind them. They are also flexible and willing to make exceptions to the rules in certain cases; for example, temporarily relaxing bedtime rules to allow for a nighttime swim during a family vacation. In authoritarian style, the parent places high value on conformity and obedience. The parents are often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth. In contrast to the authoritative style, authoritarian parents probably would not relax bedtime rules during a vacation because they consider the rules to be set, and they expect obedience.
Linda and Stu are the parents of two teenagers. Stu likes to reason with the children and discuss the limits he is setting. Linda likes to lay down the law and take no arguments from the children. Stu displays a(n) _____ pattern of parenting, and Linda displays a(n) _____ pattern.
- authoritative; authoritarian
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
- autonomy vs. shame/doubt
If the letters OBACKFIBHJCA are rearranged into HBO-JFK-CIA-ABC, they become much easier to store in short-term memory. This phenomenon illustrates the usefulness of _____ in short-term memory.
- chunking
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
- circadian
After Regina was bitten by a dog, she began to associate the sight of a dog with the pain of a dog bite, and this caused her to fear all dogs. In other words, Regina's phobia has resulted from _____ conditioning.
- classical
When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of
- classical conditioning
Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
- cognitive
_______ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
- cognitive
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________
- cognitive dissonance
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
- cognitive therapy
The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________
- cognitive-behavioral therapy
ntify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
- concern over germs
Baby Joey was playing with his favorite toy rattle when his mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind him. The loud noise made him startle and cry. Now whenever he sees his favorite toy rattle he cries. Here the rattle is the
- conditioned stimulus.
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
- cones
Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?
- confidentiality
________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
- confirmation bias
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship
- confounding variable
A frog-jumping race is coming up in a week, and you want to train your frog to jump as frequently as possible to win the race. Which schedule of reinforcement should you use in order to train your frog as quickly as possible?
- continuous
The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.
- control
George dumps a bag of marbles onto the ground, scattering the marbles all over. He tells his mother that there are more marbles now. George is demonstrating that he does not fully comprehend
- conversation
Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the _______
- cornea; pupil
Aversive conditioning is a ______
- counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ____
- crest; trough
basolateral complex
- dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.
drive theory
- deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. - psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis. For example, if it's been a while since you ate, your blood sugar levels will drop below normal. This low blood sugar will induce a physiological need and a corresponding drive state (i.e., hunger) that will direct you to seek out and consume food
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
- diathesis-stress
From the time she was born until the age of four months, Tabitha has been irregular and irritable in her style and frequency of expressing needs and emotions. Tabitha could best be described as a(n) _____ baby.
- difficult
Lizabeth is a one-year-old who reacts in a strongly negative way to new situations and who has a very high activity level. Lizabeth's temperament would best be classified as
- difficult
The bystander effect likely occurs due to
- diffusion of responsibility
The bystander effect likely occurs due to __
- diffusion of responsibility
When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.
- dilated
Robert Yerkes & John Dodson
- discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed
A store clerk has learned that if she smiles, customers will buy more. She has also learned that such increased purchases occur only when she smiles at male customers. Thus the store clerk learns to smile only at men. In this example, men have become
- discriminative stimuli.
Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as
- discriminative stimulus.
Buffy and Angel are each given problems to solve. Buffy's problem is to list as many uses as possible for bubble gum, whereas Angel's problem is to figure out the correct answer to a riddle. Buffy's problem involves _____ thinking, whereas Angel's problem involves _____ thinking.
- divergent; convergent
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
- double-blind
Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.
- double-blind
Why do prejudice and discrimination exist?
- due to social learning and conformity to social norms, learned from parents, teachers, friends, media, and other sources of socialization.
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________
- during early childhood
seven universal emotions
- each associated with distinct facial expressions. These include: - happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
Marc wants to remember where Sherry lives, so he tells himself that Sherry lives three blocks north of his Aunt Helen, who likes to drink sherry. Marc is using
- elaborative rehearsal.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
- emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. - In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience. - In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation that is labeled as fear given the context, and our experience is that of fear.
Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development is marked by the first appearance of the ability to
- engage in abstract, hypothetical thinking
Caden can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike because he didn't use training wheels and took a nasty spill, scraping his knee badly. This would best be described as a(n) _____ memory.
- episodic
________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
- eustress
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?
- excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?
- extrinsic
Major depression is more prevalent among the elderly than among younger persons
- false
When hypnotized, a person loses their own willpower and will do whatever they are asked to do
- false
William James
- father of psychology in the United States. James theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival - human behavior is driven by instincts
Abhijeet is trying to figure out how to reward his sister for completing her chores. In his reading, he learns about the process of extinction in reward programs. Specifically, he reads that extinction will be most rapid after the cessation of a _____ reinforcement schedule.
- fixed-interval
Sally is a manager of a housecleaning company and is paid a monthly salary. Paul, who works for Sally, gets paid by the number of houses he cleans. Paul gets paid on a _____ schedule, and Sally gets paid on a _____ schedule.
- fixed-ratio; fixed-interval
Jared found that after he got people to sign a petition to help beautify the neighborhood, he was able to collect quite a lot of money when he later went around asking for donations to buy trees and flowers. Jared may not realize it, but he used the _____ approach to obtain compliance to his donation request
- foot-in-the-door
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
- generativity vs. stagnation
Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________
- increased
Social facilitation
- individual performs better when an audience is watching then when the individual performs the behavior alone. - typically occurs when people are performing a task, such as sports - example: skilled basketball player throwing free throws he's more likely to make it with a cheering crowd rather than playing alone in the gym
The sleep debt is the result of ____
- insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Elizabeth has noticed that her roommate, Maureen, is often cranky. One night Elizabeth overhears Maureen yelling at someone over the telephone. Elizabeth concludes that Maureen is being her irritable self again and feels bad for the person she's talking to. Elizabeth has made a(n) _____ attribution for Maureen's behavior.
- internal
________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.
- intrinsic
Sexism
- prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex - gender role expectancies, expectancies of members in a gender group should ask
Body language
- is the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement. - Research suggests that we are quite sensitive to the emotional information communicated through body language, even if we're not consciously aware of it
If you have words and a set of rules for using those words, you have everything you need for
- language
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the _____
- lens; fovea
Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
- less stress than someone who has no effective options
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
- mania
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________
- mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________.
- moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low
what is the optimal level of arousal?
- moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low, performance tends to suffer
Groupthink
- modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus - elimination of diverse opinions contributes to faculty decision by group
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
- naturalistic observation
The ability to cause movie goers to purchase more snacks by flashing subliminal messages during the movie has
- never been demonstrated through research, though several attempts have been made
Miko, a baby monkey, learns to wash her sweet potatoes to remove grit after seeing her mother do so. This is an example of
- observational learning
Peter watches his toy disappear behind the couch and immediately looks away toward another toy. According to Piaget, Peter is most likely _____ year(s) old and in the _____ stage
- one; sensorimotor
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
- organizing the books
Informational social influence
- people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous.
Bystander effect
- phenomenon in which a witness for bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress, instead just watch.
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
- physical
What trait do both men and women tend to look for in a romantic partner?
- physical attractiveness
Harlow's classic research involved baby monkeys and artificial mothers constructed of wire or cloth. As a result of these studies, we now understand the importance of _____ in early development.
- physical contact
Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________
- physical harm; emotional harm
Cannon-Bard theory
- physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently - venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. - This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur.
When a person gets better following treatment, but more due to their expectation of benefit then the actual treatment, this is called
- placebo effect
central nucleus
- plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity
amygdala
- plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures
hypothalamus
- plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.
Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?
- positron emission tomography (PET)
Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
- posttraumatic stress disorder
Racism
- prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a specific racial group - blacks= pulled over -Latinos= ID
Ageism
- prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
Neil knows how to play field hockey and now wants to learn to play ice hockey. If his prior knowledge of field hockey interferes with his learning to play ice hockey, this is an example of
- proactive interference
Kelly is an expert typist, but she cannot remember the locations of the keys unless she moves her fingers as if she is typing. Kelly's memory of the keys is stored as a(n) _____ memory.
- procedural
what leads to the formation of relationships
- proximity, similarity, and attraction (equal in attraction to oneself)
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
- psychodynamic psychotherapy
One day while Ted was cleaning his aquarium, he noticed the heater was still plugged in. He reached down with a wet hand and tried to unplug the cord. As a result, Ted received quite a shock. After that experience, Ted has never attempted to unplug an electrical cord with a wet hand. The effect the shock had on Ted's behavior is known as
- punishment
When an eyewitness to a robbery tries to identify the criminal from a lineup of suspects, he or she is engaging in which memory retrieval process?
- recognition
The "Mozart Effect", where performance has been shown to improve as a result of listening to Mozart Music, has been demonstrated to be
- relatively small and short lived
Carla is described as very intelligent, analytical, goal directed, interested in biology, and quite popular. When participants are asked to guess whether Carla is a premed major or a drama major, nearly all guess "premed." Even when participants are told that only 10 percent of the students at Carla's school are premed majors, whereas 90 percent are drama majors, most participants still believe Carla must be a premed major. This example illustrates the influence of the _____ heuristic.
- representativeness
You know that Stan works at a television station. When you find out that Stan played college football, you automatically assume that Stan works as a sportscaster for the television station. In actuality, Stan works in the news department, as there are many more jobs in the news department than in the sports department. In this example, your judgment was influenced by the _____ heuristic.
- representativeness
When Alyssa is asked a trivia question, she replies, "I think I know the answer to that one, but I'm having trouble recalling it from memory." In other words, Alyssa is having difficulty with the memory process known as
- retrieval.
After watching this year's Super Bowl, Tara finds it difficult to recall the events of last year's Super Bowl. Tara is experiencing
- retroactive inhibition.
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
- schizophrenia
Remembering what the word summer means requires _____ memory, whereas remembering what you did on July 4, 2003, requires _____ memory.
- semantic; episodic
Jill is studying for her psychology midterm. The most effective way for Jill to encode the course material would be
- semantically
Anne wants her pet chimp to learn to clap, so she decides to reward the chimp whenever it successfully claps. The problem is that the chimp never claps spontaneously and thus never receives the reward. What technique should Anne use to best resolve this problem?
- shaping
Curly and Moe were questioned by the police about a car accident they had witnessed just a couple of hours ago. Curly was asked how fast the Ford was going when it smashed into the stop sign. Moe was asked how fast the Ford was going when it hit the stop sign. All else being equal, Moe will most likely remember that the Ford was going
- slower than the speed that Curly remembered.
Stanley Milgram
- social psychology - test validly of this defense "just following orders" - 65% of participants continued to shock - setting change= 48% - learner same room as teacher= 30% -researcher gave order by phone= 23% - humanity of person being shocked was increased, Obidence increased. - authority of the experimenter decreased so did obedience.
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________
- social support
Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.
- social support
What is a social role?
- socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
classical conditioning.
- something in the environment triggers a reflex automatically, and researchers train the organism to react to a different stimulus.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ______
- spinal cord
Forms of cyber bullying
- spreading rumors, creating a website the framing the victim, ignoring, insulting, laughing at, or teasing victim
Researchers are in the process of developing a new college entrance exam. They want to ensure that wherever the test is given, it will be administered, scored, and interpreted in the same manner. In other words, the researchers are concerned with
- standardization.
Janet discovers that her friend from another high school took the same college entrance exam that she did. To her surprise, the exam instructions, conditions, and procedures were exactly the same in both schools. This means that Janet's exam was
- standardized
Ned is very afraid of the bats that fly around his house at night, but he is not at all afraid of the birds that fly around his house during the day. Ned's fear of bats does not extend to all flying creatures because of
- stimulus discrimination.
A child who has a conditioned fear response toward Santa Claus reacts with fear toward any gentleman with a white (or gray) beard. This phenomenon is known as
- stimulus generalization
In the process of learning the techniques of his job, Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time. This part of the memory process is known as
- storage
Group polarization
- strengthening of and original group attitude after the discussion of use with in a group - Group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group would likely lead to stronger opposition
Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.
- suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?
- systematic desensitization
Boys in bullying
- tend to engage in direct, physical aggression such as physical harm
Girls in bullying
- tend to engage in indirect, social forms of aggression = spreading rumors, ignoring, socially isolating others.
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
- terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
Maslow hierarchy of needs
- that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social. These needs are often depicted as a pyramid - A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: "self-actualization" corresponds to "Inner fulfillment" "esteem" corresponds to "Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence"; "social" corresponds to "Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging"' "security" corresponds to "Safety, employment, assets"; ""physiological" corresponds to "Food, water, shelter, warmth."
During the extinction process, the unconditioned and the conditioned stimuli are no longer paired. As a result, we can predict _____ will gradually disappear.
- the conditioned response
early theory of motivation
- the maintenance of homeostasis is particularly important in directing behavior. - homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ______
- the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____
- the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Developmental psychology is best defined as the study of
- the social, cognitive, and physical changes that occur over the course of the life span
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ___
- the use of reinforcement and punishment
Albert Bandura
- theorized that an individual's sense of self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior. - Bandura argues that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors, and ultimately, it is the appreciation of our capacity to engage in a given behavior that will determine what we do and the future goals that we set for ourselves. - ex: if you have a sincere belief in your ability to achieve at the highest level, you are more likely to take on challenging tasks and to not let setbacks dissuade you from seeing the task through to the end.
What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?
- thoughts affect behavior
Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________
- token economy
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
- top-down
ulcers myth
- ulcers are linked to infantile cravings to be fed and feelings of dependency. In adulthood, these conflicts supposedly become rekindled and activate the gastrointestinal system (stomach and intestines), which is associated with feeding. - specific emotions and conflicts are associated with ulcers was discredited by research, only to be replaced by the popular belief that stress, along with eating habits and lifestyle choices, was the prime culprit. - Marshall and Warren (1983) pinpointed a link between peptic ulcers and a curved bacterium—dubbed Helicobacter (H.) pylori—lurking in the lining of the stomach and intestines that scientists made real progress toward identifying a specific disease-causing agent. Marshall and Warren first discovered that H. pylori infection was common in people with ulcers, but uncommon in people without ulcers. -
Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?
- wanting to quit
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may _______
- wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
social exchange theory
- we can act as naive economists in keeping a tally of the creation of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others. - ex: over time boredom from being with only one person may set in, it may be more expensive to share activities such as movies/dinner, however the benefits of dating your romantic partner presumably outweigh the costs, otherwise you wouldn't continue relationship.
limbic system
- which is the area of the brain involved in emotion and memory - includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus
One of the most consistent findings regarding brain use is that
- while people tend to show a dominance of one hemisphere, the difference is small and both hemispheres are used for most activities.
Homophobia
- widespread prejudice in US aside he that is tolerated by many people - negative feelings= result in discrimination
Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?
Dorothea Dix
Jamila is in a study that aims to evaluate the effects of a new vitamin drink on energy levels. She is told that she will be in the group receiving the drink and is asked to rate her energy levels at different points throughout the day. She feels very energized by the drink and rates her energy levels high. At the end of the study, she is debriefed and told that the experiment involved deception. She was actually in the group that received only flavored water. What is this type of effect called, and how could it be prevented in a future experiment wishing to evaluate the vitamin drink?
-Jamila experienced a placebo effect. In future experiments, the placebo effect could be prevented by conducting a blinded study - need better clarification on how to prevent it
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning
A. classical conditioning
A major advantage of case studies is __________. A. detailed information B. generalizability C. large sample size D. quick data collection
A. detailed information
evolutionary approach
An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.
cognitive approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
psychodynamic approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on __________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconcsious C. fetal development D. sexual identity
B. a person's unconcsious
In a __________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned
B. double-blind
Read the following two sentences: (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? A. The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded. B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaced between each word. C. We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence more quickly. D. We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real.
B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaced between each word.
Critical thinking is ___________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it
B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
The theory of _________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A. behavioral genetics B. evolution by natural selection C. genetic mutation D. survivalism
B. evolution by natural selection
A(n) ______________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator
C. Skinner box
Who described the collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
Which theorist emphasized that personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
Carl Rogers
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ___________ trait.
Conscientiousness
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
Critical thinking is __________.
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding __________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior`
Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?
Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?
Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?
Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
Forensic Psychology
Psychology in the context of the justice system: Assessment of person's competency to stand trial state of mind of a defendant. also act as consultants on: child custody cases, sentencing and treatment recommendations eyewitness testimony and children's testimony
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
independent; dependent
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the _____ variable and word retention is the ______ variable.
Men are more likely to show aggression
Sexual jealousy is part of male aggression
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.
The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."
Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.
Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?
They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky
Doctor of Psychology
What is a PsyD?
Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure
What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram' obedience research?
Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships
Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?
European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology
Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?
Carl Rogers
Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?
Youthful looks provide fertility clues.
humanism
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking
Drew Westen (1998)
argues that many of the criticisms of Freud's ideas are misplaced, in that they attack his older ideas without taking into account later writings.
peer-reviewed journal article
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
2. ________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories
b. facts
18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. placebo effect; experimenter bias d. experiment bias; placebo effect
b. independent variable; dependent variable
10. ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research
b. longitudinal research
Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that _____________________________.
biological needs must be satisfied before personal and social needs
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.
biopsychologist
Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
bulimia
An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception
c. personality
Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics
c. philosophy
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
cause-and-effect relationship
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
circadian
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
17. ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. a. operationalizing b. placebo effect c. random assignment d. random sampling
d. random sampling
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
developmental
What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.
disorganized thinking
Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.
drive
Psychoanalytic theory
focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
_______ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate in all humans
humanism
The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.
independent variable
Walter Mischel, in a discussion of trait theory, commented that ______________________.
individuals do not behave consistently across situations
Oona wants to conduct research on personal management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results on high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. She should focus on the area ________ psychology
industrial-organizational
During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.
intake
Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?
involuntary
Survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people.
Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.
lucid
The empirical method of study is based on
observation
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
perceivable and measurable
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
personality
Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?
play therapy
Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
posttraumatic stress disorder
experimenter bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
deductive reasoning
results are predicted based on a general premise
According to William James(functionalist), the purpose of psychology was to
study the function of behavior
Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.
suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Bottom-up processing
system in which perceptions are built from sensory input.
confirmation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
Confirmation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
Which of the following defines hypothesis?
tentative explanation
A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.
the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder
Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.
thinking critically
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
was a student of Wundt's in Germany and then became a psychology professor at Cornell University in 1892. Titchener welcomed women into his graduate program at Cornell. In fact, more women completed their psychology doctorates under Titchener's direction than with any other male psychologist of his generation. Titchener brought structuralism to America.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.
wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
How long does psychoanalysis typically take?
years
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
younger average age for marriage
