Chapter 1 Test Review (AP Classroom)

The diagram below shows a particular marine food web. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web?

1,000 kg

Only approximately _____% of biomass is available to be transferred to the next trophic level.

10%

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter^2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter^2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter^2/year available to herbivores in that biome?

200 kilocalories/meter^2/year

Ice caps (and glaciers) store almost ________% of the Earth's total freshwater.

70%

The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification?

Bacteria

The diagram below shows a particular terrestrial food web. Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers?

Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

Cellular respiration

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area:

Gross primary productivity

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred?

If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available.

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae?

Mutualism

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis.

Net primary productivity

_______________ is a limiting factor in biological systems.

Phosphorus

The _______ powers the movement of water through evaporation and transpiration.

Sun

The diagram below shows a particular marine food web. Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web?

The flow of energy

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

The diagram below represents steps in the phosphorus cycle. Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle?

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles?

The phosphorus cycle

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland.

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

_________________ represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time.

Vegetation

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity?

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

the atmosphere

Energy flows (up/down) the food web through trophic levels based on feeding relationships.

up

Freshwater wetlands have trees with roots that are submerged in _________.

water

Mutualism

when two organisms both benefit from a relationship

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

Freshwater wetlands

The diagram below shows the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram?

Ice caps

______ _____________ _______________ is highest in areas where temperatures are warm and water and solar energy are abundant and encourage the growth of producers.

Net primary productivity

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?

The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs.

The diagram below shows a model of the global movement of water in the hydrologic cycle. Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true?

Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

Nitrifying bacteria or lighting converts atmospheric nitrogen to:

ammonia

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

coral reefs

The amount of energy available ____________ up the food chain, so the organisms at the highest trophic level would have the fewest kilojoules of energy available.

decreases

Cellular respiration (does/does not) require sunlight.

does not

The phosphorus cycle (does/does not) have an atmospheric sink and is driven by weathering and uplift.

does not

Warmer average global temperatures would __________ the range of biomes currently found at midlatitudes.

expand

Burning __________ ___________ are a carbon source because they release carbon that has been stored in coal, oil, or natural gas, which are carbon sinks.

fossil fuels

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is (lower/higher) in biomes that are warm year-round and receive abundant rainfall and sunlight to encourage the growth of producers, which are characteristics of tropical rain forests.

higher

The diagram below shows a particular marine food web. Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web?

killer whale

Most of the nitrogen fixation on the planet is done by:

nitrifying soil bacteria

The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?

nitrogen fixation

The _________ is the largest reservoir and over 70% of the Earth's surface of water and therefore the greatest source of evaporation.

ocean

By decreasing the amount of erosion, less _____________ will run off into waterways and be available to algae to use for growth.

phosphorus

____________________ uses solar energy to produce food, and it therefore a producer.

phytoplankton

The killer whale is a top predator and:

quaternary consumer

Turbulent water, known as __________, form from the fast-moving water flow.

rapids

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

tropical rain forest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area?

tropical rain forest

__________ in a food web depict the flow of energy between trophic levels.

Arrows

Carbon is converted from atmospheric carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds via ________________, and carbon sequestered by the ocean buffers ocean pH.

photosynthesis

The warm climate and the rainfall leads to high levels of ________________ in the numerous plant species that inhabit the biome.

photosynthesis

Through the process of __________________, plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which moves through the food chain when one organism feeds on another.

photosynthesis

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain?

phytoplankton

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

rivers

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram?

the Carbon cycle

The diagram below shows the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram?

the Sun