Chapter 10
What are decision points?
Decision points are points at which the program must choose from different actions, based on the value of its current inputs.
An RTM version fo software is often released so users can help debug it
FALSE
Dynamic Decision Making
The ability of a web page to decide how to display itself based on the choices the reader makes
Executable Program
The binary sequence that instructs the CPU to run the programmer's code
First Generation Language (1GL)
The machine language of a CPU; the sequence of bits that the CPU understands
Error Handling
The part of a program statement where programmers describe what the program should do if the input data is invalid or just gibberish
Coding
Translating an algorithm into a programming language
In ________ generation languages, problems are presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm.
fifth
A ________ is a visual representation of a process, including the decisions that need to be made along the way.
flowchart
An example of a first-generation language is?
machine language
Which of these is NOT one of the three features in a loop?
phrase
The Q in SQL stands for Structured ________ Language.
query
HTML uses _____ to provide a browser instructions on how to display and format the document.
tags
What happens after programmers create an algorithm?
After programmers create an algorithm, they select a programming language and translate the algorithm into that language.
In selection the most appropriate language it is useful to know
All of the above (how quickly the final code must run, how much space the final code delivered can occupy, if there is a specific target environment)
A logical error can be detected and repaired by the compiler
FALSE
Many programming languages are moving away from the object-oriented paradigm.
FALSE
The final step in the PDLC is ________.
testing and documentation
When designing a program, the developer selects a design approach like
top down or object oriented
You do not need to know how to program to
use Microsoft Word to type text and select various fonts
Which of the following provides a visual representation of the patterns in an algorithm?
Flowchat
Interpreter
For a programming language, translates the source code into an intermediate form, line by line; each line is then executed by as it's translated
Control Structure
General term used for a keyword in a programming language that allows the programmer to direct the flow of the program based on a decision
What's the most basic formatting language for web applications?
HTML
Which of the following is NOT true about HTML?
HTML is a fully featured programming language. Correct Answer
What is the current release of HTML?
HTML5
Waterfall Model
Idealized view of software development
If Else
In C++, a binary decision in the code where the program can follow one of two paths: If the decision is mad eon way, the program follows one path; if made the other way (else), the program follows another path
For
In Visual Basic, programmers use the keyword For to implement a loop; after the keyword For, an input or output item is given a starting value, and then the statements in the body of the loop are executed
Next
In Visual Basic, programmers use the keyword Next to implement a loop; when the Next command is run, the program returns to the For statement and increments the value of input or output item by 1 and then runs a test cycle
Inheritance
In object-oriented analysis, the ability of a new class to automatically pick up all the data and methods of an existing class and then extend and customize those to fit its specific needs
Reusability
In object-oriented analysis, the ability to reuse existing classes from one project for another project
Derived Class
In object-oriented analysis, the modified class
Base Class
In object-oriented analysis; the original class
What are the 3 important features to look for in a loop?
Initial value, set of actions, and test condition
Why is Java is considered an architecture-neutral language?
It can run on many different CPUs with only one compilation
Which of the following best describes HTML?
It is used to tag elements of web pages and give them structure and formatting.
What does Microsoft .NET do?
It's a software that is designed to let websites "talk" to each other easily
Most android apps are written in _____
Java
What language do programmers use for applications that need to collect information from networked computers
Java and C#
JSON stands for
JavaScript Object Notation
Processing
Manipulating or organizing data into information
Once compilation is done, is the program finished?
No, programmers still need to test the code to see whether the program behaves as it should
Data
Numbers, words, pictures, or sounds that represent facts, figure, or ideas; the raw input that users have at the start of a job
What's the most popular language for writing macOS applications?
Objective C
Which programming language is most commonly used for iOS devices and (OSX)?
Objective C
After programmers finish coding, what do they do next?
Once the algorithm has been coded into a programming language, the programmers have to run it through a compiler
When can programmers begin developing a detailed algorithm?
Once the programmer understands exactly what the program must do and have created the final problem statement
Web Services (.NET Framework)
Part of the Microsoft .NET Framework, programs that a website uses to make information available to other websites
What is the first step of the system development life cycle (SDLC)?
Problem and Opportunity Identification
List the 6 steps of SDLC
Problem and opportunity identification, analysis, design, development, testing and installation, and maintenance and evaluation
Visual Programming Languages
Programming language that uses graphical blocks to represent control elements and variables
Active Server Pages (ASP), JavaServer Pages (JSP), PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)
Programming languages used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts the HTML page to the user's selections
Give 2 examples of Visual Programming Languages
Scratch and App Inventory
AJAX allows you to create websites that can refresh without the user taking an action
TRUE
XML and JSON are both common formats for the exchange of information between web services
TRUE
Variable Declaration
Tells the operating system that the program needs to allocate storage space in RAM
Which of the following is the final stage of the program development life cycle (PDLC)?
Testing and Documentation
Portability
The capability to move a completed solution easily from one type of computer to another
Which of the following is TRUE about considerations for choosing programming languages for programs that will be embedded on a chip?
The final program needs to not take up a lot of storage space.
What's the first step in programming?
The first step in programming is to define the problem statement.
Source Code
The instructions programmers write in a higher level language
Testing Plan
The part of the problem statement that lists specific input numbers the programmers would typically expect the user to enter; the plan then lists the precise output values that a perfect program would return for those input values
Flowchart
Visual diagram of a process, including the decisions that need to be made along the way
A(n) ________ is a set of specific, sequential steps that describe in natural language exactly what the computer must do to complete its task.
algorithm
The set of specific, sequential steps that describe exactly what a computer program must do to complete the work is called a(n) ________.
algorithm
_____ are points at which a program must choose from a range of different actions based on the value of its current inputs.
decision points
An IDE is a tool that has support for
editing and debugging
Objective C is a language commonly used to create what kind of software?
iOS applications
Java is considered to be architecture neutral because it
only needs to be compiled once and can run on many different CPUs
Before programmers decide which programming language to use or start writing code, they develop a complete description of the task the program needs to accomplish. This is called a ________.
problem statement
_____ is the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform that task.
programming
Web service
programs that a website uses to make information available to other websites
Programmers often begin by constructing a working simulation of the program, called a(n) ________.
prototype
________ is a text-based approach to documenting an algorithm.
pseudocode
The following are common to all programming languages:
syntax, keywords, and operators
Service Packs
A software update
Editor
A special tool in an integrated development environment (IDE) that helps programmers as they enter code
VBScript
A subset of Visual Basic, used to introduce dynamic decision making into web pages
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
A syntax for exchanging information between computers
Method
The process of how a program converts inputs into the correct outputs
Keywords
(1) A specific word a user wishes to query (or look for) in an internet search. (2) A specific word that has a predefined meaning in a particular programming language
Data Types (field type)
(1) Describes the kind of data being stored at the memory location; each programming language has its own data types (although there is some degree of overlap). (2) In a database, indicates what type of data can be stored in a field that prevents the wrong type of data from being entered into the field
SQL is an example of a ____ category programming language?
4GL
C#
A Microsoft programming language developed to compete with Java
Initial Value
A beginning point
Classes
A category of input identified in object-oriented analysis; classes are defined by information and actions
Test Condition
A check to see whether the loop in an algorithm is completed
Program Specification
A clear statement of the goals and objectives of the project. This is apart of Analysis.
Operators
A coding symbol that represents a fundamental action of the programming language
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
A collection of technologies that allow the creation of web applications that can update information on a page without requiring the user to refresh or leave the page
Fifth Generation Languages (5GL)
A computer language in which a program is presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm; the system of facts can then be queried; considered the most "natural" of languages. Example include: PROgrammingLOGic
Third Generation Language (3GL)
A computer language that uses symbols and commands to help programmers tell the computer what to do, making 3GL languages easier for humans to read and remember; examples include: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C/C++, and JAVA
Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)
A computer language type that includes database query languages and report generators
Structured Query Languages (SQL)
A database programming language used to construct queries to extract data from relational databases; one example of a fourth generation language
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
A developmental tool that helps programmers write and test their programs; one IDE can be configured to support many different languages
Architecture Neutral
A feature of Java whereby code needs to be compiled only once, after which the code can be run on many different CPUs
Programming Language
A kind of "code" for the set of instructions the CPU knows how to perform
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
A markup language that enables designers to define their own data-based tags, making it much easier for a website to transfer the key information on its page to another site; it defines what data is being described rather than how it's to be displayed
Comment
A note left by a programmer
Decision Point
A place where a program must choose from a list of actions based on the value of a certain input
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
A process used to develop information systems; it consists of the following six steps: problem and opportunity identification, analysis, design, development, testing and installation, and maintenance and evaluation
Compiler
A program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the CPU and its machine language
Swift
A programming language introduced by Apple for developing for iOS and macOS
C
A programming language originally developed for system programmers
Visual Basic (VB)
A programming language used to build a wide range of Windows applications
C++
A programming language, takes C to an object-oriented level
Statements
A sentence in a code
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
A series of tags that define how elements on a website should be displayed in a browser. Adobe Dreamweaver helps with this. Formatting and display instructions for webpages using tags
Application Programming Interface (API)
A set of software routines that allows one software system to work with another
Algorithm
A set of specific, sequential steps that describe exactly what the computer program must do to complete the required work. This is apart of Making a Plan
Scripting Language
A simple programming language that's limited to performing a set of specialized tasks
Java Applet
A small Java-based program
Prototype
A small model of a program built at the beginning of a large project
Macro
A small program that groups a series of commands to run as a single command
Information System
A system that includes data, people, procedures, hardware, and software that help in planning and decision making; a software-based solution used to gather and analyze information
Top-down design
A systematic approach in which a problem is broken into a series of high-level tasks
Pseudocode
A text-based approach to documenting an algorithm
Debugger
A tool in an IDE that helps programmers analyze a program as it runs
Object-oriented analysis
A type of analysis in which programmers first identify all the categories of inputs that are part of the problem the program is meant to solve
Loops
A type of decision point in algorithm. In a loop, a question is asked, and if the answer is yes, a set of actions is performed. Once the set of actions has finished, the question is asked again, creating a loop. If the answer to the question is no, the algorithm breaks free of the loop and moves on to the first step that follows the loop
Binary Decisions
A type of decision point in an algorithm that can be answered in one of only two ways: yes (true) or no (false)
Beta Version
A version of the software that's still under development. Many beta versions are available for a limited trial period and are used to help the developers correct any errors before they launch the software on the market
Syntax Errors
A violation of the strict set of rules that define the programming language
Once debugging is done, can the created software program be released?
Actually, after debugging, the last step is to test and document the program
Once I've defined my problem statement, can I start coding?
Actually, after defining the problem statement, the next steps in a programming project is for programmers to translate the programs into an algorithm
Second Generation Language (2GL)
Also known as an Assembly Language, it is a computer language that allows programmers to write programs using a set of short, English-like commands that speak directly to the CPU and that give the programmer direct control of hardware resources
JavaScript
An Internet Protocol (IP) addressing scheme that makes IP addresses longer, thereby providing more available addresses
Syntax
An agree-on set of rules defining how a language must be structured
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
An alternative program-development method; instead of developing detailed system documents before they produce the system, developers first create a prototype, then generate system documents as they use and remodel the product
Runtime error
An error in a program that occurs when a programmer accidentally writes code that divides by a zero, a mathematical error
Logical Error
An error in a program that produces unintended or undesired output, where the syntax is correct but some other human error has occured
Scope Creep
An ever-changing set of requests from clients for additional features as they wait longer and longer to see a working prototype
What is an IDE?
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a development tool that helps programmers write, compile, and test their programs.
Java
An object-oriented programming language that has a large set of existing classes. It is also architecture neutral, meaning it can work on most computers
Programmers often use an IDE named ________ to develop apps for Android devices.
Android SDK
Android mobile app development is often performed in which of the following environments?
Android studio using Java
Programmers choose Visual Basic why?
Because programmers often like to build a prototype
What are the two types of decision points?
Binary and Loops
How are classes defined
By Information (data) within the class and Actions (methods) associated with the class
Many modern operating systems are written in ________.
C
Which of the following is NOT a good programming language to begin with to learn how to program?
C++
What languages do programmers use if the problem requires a lot of "number crunching?"
C/C++
Most popular languages?
C/C++ and Java. COBOL is used in banking and insurance industries
List the 3 things that are relevant to creating a useful program (aka the 3 elements of the problem statement
Data (input), information (output), method (process)
Information
Data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion; the result, or output that users require at the end of a job
Which of the following is NOT a common consideration when selecting an appropriate programming language for a project?
Database access
List the 5 stages of PDLC
Describing the problem, making a plan, coding, debugging, and testing and documentation
Documentation
Description of how the technical details of the software, how the code works, and how the user interacts with the program; in addition, all the necessary user documentation that will be distributed to the program's users
Data-flow diagram
Diagrams that trace all data in an information system from the point at which data enters the system to its final resting place (storage or output). This is apart of design.
Why should programmers be prepared to learn many different languages?
Different problems have different needs
Variable
Each input and output item the program manipulates
How the program should behave if the input data is invalid is part of?
Error handling
Release to Manufacturers (RTM)
The point in the release cycle, where, after beta testing, a manufacturer makes changes to the software and releases it to other manufacturers, for installation on new machines, for example
General Availability (GA)
The point in the release cycle, where, after release to manufacturers, software is available for purchase by the public
Compilation
The process by which code is converted into machine language-- the language the CPU can understand
Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
The process of performing a programming project, which consists of five stages: describing the problem, making a plan, coding, debugging, and testing and documentation
Debugging
The process of running a program over and over to find and repair errors and to make sure the program behaves in the way it should
Programming
The process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform that task
Objective C
The programming language most often used to program applications to run under OS X
What are the critical issues to consider when selecting the best language for a specific problem?
The speed, the space requirements, and the amount of staffing on hand
Problem Statement
The starting point of programming work; a clear description of what tasks the computer program must accomplish and how the program will execute those tasks and respond to unusual situations
Code editing
The step of programming in which a programmer types the code to be executed
_______ breaks down a problem into a series of high-level tasks and continues to break each task into successively more detailed subtasks
Top-down design
In an object-oriented programming language, ________ are a combination of data fields and methods and model things like network connections, windows, scrollbars.
classes
Translating an algorithm into a programming language is called
coding
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a ______.
collection of tools that helps programmers write and test their programs
A(n) _____ is a program which reads the instructions programmers have written and translates these instructions into binary patterns that will execute commands on the CPU.
compiler