Chapter 10 Biology

Which of the follow structures are apart of the mitotic spindle? 1-The aster 2-Kinetochore microtubules 3-Non- Kinetochore microtubules 4- Centrosome 5-All of these are apart of the mitotic spindle

5- All of these responses are correct :) Also hot guy break asap!

microtubules facilitate the movement of chromosomes in mitosis in all __________

eukaryotes

Centrioles are involved in distributing chromosomes to daughter cells during ________

mitosis

During binary fission in a bacterium, the origins of replication ______________

move apart

Checkpoints in the cell cycle control system regulate the cell cycle through a variety of stop and go _______

signals

Bacteria lack a spindle apparatus and __________

centrioles

A cell contains 40 chromatids at the beginning of mitosis. The cell will contain _______ chromosomes at he end of mitosis.

20

Block of text for knowledge- not too long, I promise! :)

Chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase ("S" stands for synthesis of DNA) of interphase of the cell cycle. During all three subphases, a cell that will eventually divide grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Interphase occurs prior to meiosis and mitosis.

Production of new mitochondria occurs during all _____ phases of interphase

three

You would know a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that it had formed a _____ __________.

cell plate

The nuclear envelope fragments in most eukaryotes but remains intact in diatoms and __________________

dinoflagellates. :) quick kitty!

Bacterial cells have a single, circular chromosome, whereas chromatids are found only in ______________ cells

eukaryotic

Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells do NOT exhibit density-dependent _________

inhibition

ER production occurs during all three phases of ________

interphase

Growth of the cell occurs during the G1 and G2 of ________

interphase

The difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor is that cells of benign tumors do not metastasize while ____________ tumors do

malignant

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and ________

protein

longish block of necessary text- read it now, that grade WILL be worth it Mitosis is just one part of the cell cycle. In fact, the mitotic (M) phase, which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle. The mitotic phase alternates with a much longer stage called interphase, which often accounts for about 90% of the cycle. Interphase can be divided into subphases: the G1 phase ("first gap"), the S phase ("synthesis"), and the G2 phase ("second gap"). The G phases were misnamed as "gaps" when they were first observed because the cells appeared inactive, but we now know that intense metabolic activity and growth occur throughout interphase. In fact, during all three subphases of interphase, a cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Duplication of the chromosomes, which is crucial for the eventual division of the cell, occurs entirely during the S phase. Thus, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes (S), grows more as it completes preparations for cell division (G2), and divides (M). The daughter cells may then repeat the cycle.

puppy! :) positivity brings results, and love and some frustration- it's natural and it's alright

DNA replication occurs in the S phase of interphase in both ________ cells and reproductive cells

somatic

The nuclear envelope forms again during ________ of mitosis.

telophase

Which event(s) occur during interphase? 1- A spindle made of microtubules is present 2- The centromeres divide 3- Identical chromatids move to opposite poles 4- The centrioles are at opposite poles 5-All responses are correct

5- All listed responses are correct

After interphase and just prior to mitosis, a human somatic cell would have ___ chromatids

92

Another long block of text that is very helpful in visualizing the order of mitosis and all of its weirdness :)

During prophase, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle begins to form. This structure is responsible for maneuvering the chromosomes around the cell during mitosis. In prometaphase, which is essentially the opposite of telophase, the nuclear envelope fragments and the kinetochores attach to microtubules. During metaphase, the mitotic spindle aligns the chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a region along the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the mitotic spindle separates the sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of the cell. In telophase, fragments of the nuclear envelope begin to reassemble, the mitotic spindle breaks down, the chromatin uncoils, and cytokinesis begins. During interphase, the chromatin cannot be seen in a cell and the spindle has not begun to form yet. The S phase is part of interphase and not part of mitosis.

A cell biologist examined the DNA content of a cell from a fruit fly larva during the G1 phase and determined it had 150 units of DNA. After measuring the DNA content of the same type of cell after the G2 phase, it was discovered that the cell had 300 units of DNA. This happened because the DNA was replicated during the S phase of interphase, which occurs between the two ___________.

G phases.

Longs block of text- I'll break it down a bit in the answers text box Mitosis includes five phases during which a variety of events occur. During prophase, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle apparatus begins to form. In addition, centrosomes move away from each other during prophase, apparently propelled along the surface of the nucleus by the lengthening bundles of microtubules between them. This structure is responsible for maneuvering the chromosomes around the cell during mitosis. In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope fragments and the kinetochores attach to microtubules. During metaphase, the mitotic spindle aligns the chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a region along the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell. The paired centromeres of each chromosome are separated by spindle microtubules, liberating the sister chromatids, which begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, a new nuclear envelope begins to synthesize, the mitotic spindle breaks down, the chromatin uncoils, and cytokinesis begins. previous next

Prophase- chromatin condense into chromosomes; the nucleolus disappears; and the mitotic spindle begins to form Prometaphase-nuclear envelope fragments and the kinetochores attach to microtubules Metaphase- the mitotic spindle aligns the chromosomes at the metaphase plate( at equal plane in cell) Anaphase- the centrioles are at opposite ends of cell; the paired centromeres of each chromosome get separated by mitotic spindles, which frees the sister chromatids and then sister chromatids then begin moving towards opposite poles of the cell (Not too much I promise, mkay?) Telophase- a new nuclear envelope begins to synthesize; the mitotic spindle breaks down; the chromatin uncoils, and cytogenesis begins.

________ production occurs during all three phases of interphase

Protein

Block of text to explain this earlier stuff (kinda) Mitosis includes five phases during which a variety of events occur. During prophase, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle apparatus begins to form. In addition, centrosomes move away from each other during prophase, apparently propelled along the surface of the nucleus by the lengthening bundles of microtubules between them. This structure is responsible for maneuvering the chromosomes around the cell during mitosis. In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope fragments and the kinetochores attach to microtubules. During metaphase, the mitotic spindle aligns the chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a region along the equator of the cell. Anaphase begins when the paired centromeres of each chromosome separate, liberating the sister chromatids, which begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, a new nuclear envelope begins to synthesize, the mitotic spindle breaks down, the chromatin uncoils, and cytokinesis begins.

Puppy pause! :) keep studying, that grade is worth it!

DNA replication occurs in the _____________ of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells

S phase

Duplication of the chromosomes occurs during the _______ of interphase.

S phase

Separation of the sister chromatids does not occur during interphase. Instead, this process occurs during _________ of mitosis.

anaphase

One event occurring during prophase is the beginning of the formation of a spindle ____________.

apparatus

Cells in the G0 phase have assumed a non dividing state, which does not describe _________ cells

cancer

The region of a chromosome holding the 2 double strands of replicated DNA together is called a ___________

centromere

After interphase and just prior to mitosis, a human somatic cell would have 92 __________

chromatids

The sister ___________ are pulled apart towards opposite sides of the cell during anaphase of mitosis.

chromatids

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called ________________.

chromatin

chromatids are identical copies of each other if they are part of the same ____________

chromosome

The _____________ during prophase of mitosis.

chromosomes

The cell contains more than one nucleus describes a cell that undergoes mitosis but not ____________

cytokinesis- begins by cleavage furrow (looks like a peach butt!)

A chromatid is a __________ chromosome

duplicated

During telophase of mitosis, two distinct daughter nuclei form _________

in the cell

The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate of the cell during __________ of mitosis.

metaphase

Sister chromatids separate during __________ in diatoms and dinoflagellates

mitosis

The ___________ spindle forms during prophase of mitosis.

mitotic

Any cell that has undergone mitosis still has at least one _______

nucleus

Cells would have _______ nucleus if cytokinesis occurred.

one

The nuclear envelope disappears during _____________ of mitosis

prometaphase

In terms of the nuclear envelope, telophase is essentially the opposite of _______________

prometaphase.