Chapter 10 Emotional Development and Attention

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development? lack of competence disregulation culture multiculturalism

culture

Two-year-old Indah was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Bayu, age 1, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates . developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions gender differences in how children use and communicate emotion developmental differences in how personality is manifested that Bayu is showing the early signs of a behavior disorder

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

Select all that apply According to which two of the following models do certain characteristics that render children more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse contexts also make them more susceptible to optimal growth in supportive conditions? internal working model differential susceptibility model model of attachment developmental cascade model biological sensitivity to context model

differential susceptibility model biological sensitivity to context model

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. easy slow-to-cool-down difficult slow-to-warm-up

difficult

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the ability of infants to self-regulate their emotions difficulty of interpreting infant emotion short attention spans of most infants fear reactions that infants have when strangers are involved

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. Multiple choice question. detached resistant disorganized avoidant

disorganized

A well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child? inhibited easy difficult open

easy

Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model? effortful control inhibition to the unfamiliar the slow-to-warm-up child goodness of fit

effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called intuition desire emotion personality

emotion

is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

emotions

Punishing a child for emotions or feelings is considered a supportive caregiver emotion socialization strategy? True false question.

false

True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

false

Compared with younger adults, older adults experience more emotional highs and lows fewer emotional highs and lows more emotional highs and fewer emotional lows fewer emotional highs and more emotional lows

fewer emotional highs and lows

what emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? guilt fear disgust joy

guilt

Multiple Choice Question As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of support independence social need dependence

independence

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually influences the child's subsequent responses to other people develops into seven more developmental stages that occur over the life span deteriorates after the age of 24 months

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people

A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive ______ of emotional experience and daily life. expulsion integration diffusion separation

integration

Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion? maturation of the cerebral cortex prenatal exposure to androgens development of the brain stem early parent-child verbal communication development of the hippocampus

maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem development of the hippocampus

As children progress from the ______ (early/middle/late) through the _______(early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.

middle late

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people. minuscule moderate large total

moderate

Researchers are discovering that infants are (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.

more

As compared to the parents, adolescents are more likely to experience stability in emotions more extreme but less fleeting emotions less extreme but more fleeting emotions more extreme and more fleeting emotions

more extreme and more fleeting emotions

The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of Blank______. Multiple choice question. 7 months 11 months 9 months 5 months

7

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following? . motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions increase in emotional understanding and communication shedding of the need for attachment perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated

motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated

Emotional changes in adulthood include which of the following? deciding not to internalize rules realizing things will always be successful moving toward a more predictable lifestyle making decisions about occupations making decisions about a life partner

moving toward a more predictable lifestyle making decisions about occupations making decisions about a life partner

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions. competency negative influential regulation

negative

Select all that apply The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? nervous system development face-to-face play infant social sophistication environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal

nervous system development environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal

Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. The first stage of infant development is the trust-versus-mistrust stage. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Providing nourishment is the most important factor in the attachment process.

Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures.

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Which of the following identifies a key way that older children learn to deal with stress? cognitive coping strategies suppression of negativity behavioral therapy denial

cognitive coping strategies

Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events? allow retelling of events reassure children of their safety and security make children write down their thoughts protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma

allow retelling of events reassure children of their safety and security protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know. anxiety danger shame anger

anxiety

According to the differential susceptibility and the biological sensitivity to context models, programs that deal with "difficult" temperaments should target children who ______. will fail to flourish when given a lot of care and support are unflappable in the face of adversity are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations are without attachment to any adult

are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called

attachment

cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal? . locomotion social referencing cooperation attachment

cooperation

In the Second Step program, which of the following is the focus of social-emotional learning for grades 6-8? . making friends coping with stress self-regulation attention skills

coping with stress

A disaster can have damaging effects on a child, including which of the following? bipolar disorder panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder depression

panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder depression

As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? positive relationship development corresponding inner and outer emotional states resilience in stressful circumstances more effective management of their emotions

positive relationship development resilience in stressful circumstances more effective management of their emotions

Which of the following emotions would Allissa likely demonstrate when she receives a high grade on her biology exam?

pride joy happiness

Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy? primary emotions self-conscious emotions hardwired emotions secondary emotions

primary

Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others. dismissing language regulation coaching

regulation

Researchers consider the growth of emotion______ in children a part of becoming socially competent. regulation externalization coping internalization

regulation

Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar? low activity level shyness with strangers need for regularity extroversion

shyness with strangers

Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? emotional adaptiveness coping with stress attachment social competence

social competence coping with stress emotional adaptiveness

Nine-year-old Rizky used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______. redirect feelings suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions have a capacity for genuine empathy

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

True or False Question Adolescents who are experiencing high levels of stress are at increased risk for developing depression.

true

Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of ______. 18 to 24 months 2 1/2 years 10 to 12 months 3 1/2 years

18 to 24 months

in part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age. Multiple choice question. 8-10 months 4-6 months 10-12 months 2-3 months

2-3 months

____ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people. Temperament Attachment Emotional competence Social interaction

Attachment

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? Multiple select question. Kagan Freud Erikson Bowlby Piaget

Freud Erikson Bowlby

Ainsworth created the_______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

Eight-month-old Bassel is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) child

easy

older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing _____ satisfaction. emotional financial intellectual religious

emotional

Jack and Jill are brother and sister fraternal twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to (Jack/Jill) ___________simply because of the gender.

jill

Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is normal concerning wrong hurtful

normal

Which of the following actions soothe infants? singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking ignoring refusing to reinforce

singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking

Dewi rocks and sings to her infant when he is upset. Dewi is using these methods to______ her baby. validate arouse soothe swaddle

soothe

Which of the following is considered a supportive emotion socialization strategy? . ignoring a child's emotion expressions expressing excessive negativity validating a child's emotion helping a child learn to use emotion strategies discussing emotions with the child

validating a child's emotion helping a child learn to use emotion strategies discussing emotions with the child

Which of the following are true about older adults' emotional lives as compared to younger adults? Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel. Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion. Older adults pay more attention to negative information. Older adults tend to live sad, more lonely lives.

Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel. Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion.

Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament? caregiver's culture birth size effort control gender

caregiver's culture gender

Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children? separation protest social referencing maternal sensitivity primary emotions

maternal senitivity

True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined. True false

true

Research finds that women are more vulnerable to social and life stressors and are more likely to respond by using fight fluctuating between flight and depression using flight using a tend and befriend pattern

using a tend and befriend pattern

When individuals have an easy temperament during childhood, their behaviors during young adulthood are more likely to be Blank______. confused well-adjusted erratic ill-adjusted

well adjusted

Which of the following are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions rather than to show emotional reserve. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.

Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as Blank______. Multiple choice question. selectivity fight or flight self-regulation reactivity

reactivity self-regulation

Which of the following is a major milestone of early childhood? the ability to shift one's emotions away from societal norms the ability to control one's emotions the ability to verbalize only basic emotions the ability to intuit others' emotions

the ability to control one's emotions

Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence? Adolescents do not attach stigma to depression. Adolescents are able to recognize depression in most situations. Adolescents who have higher levels of stress are at risk of developing anxiety issues but not depression. Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.

Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up? Jean Piaget Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas Mary Rothbart and John Bates Jerome Kagan

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? Attachment is the first phase of development in the infant's life, the trust versus mistrust phase. Attachment is important for survival. There are five phases of attachment. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Which statement is false regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in middle and late childhood have an increased understanding of complex emotions.

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature. Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Gartstein Rothbart Kagan Chess and Thomas

Kagen

As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? more effective management of their emotions resilience in stressful circumstances corresponding inner and outer emotional states positive relationship development

Positive relationship development Resilience in stressful circumstances More effective management of their emotions

emotion-coaching is emotion dismissing is

The child is able to regulate negative affect. The child shows poor emotion regulation.

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting? emotional cry basic cry anger cry pain cry

anger cry

The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional empathy strategies competence adaptability

competence

The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional ______. adaptability strategies competence empathy

competence

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences

easy

Chess and Thomas - Kagan - Rothbart and Bates -

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of Blank______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition. inhibited self affective effortful

effortful

Which term refers to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children? emotion-ambivalent parents emotion-coaching parents emotion-dismissing parents permissive parents

emotion-dismissing parents

True or false: Young children are unable to understand that facial expressions indicate specific emotions or that emotions affect behavior.

false

men have observed to react to stress with a _______________ or _______________ response, which can involve either aggressive actions or a withdrawal response.

fight flight

Which of the following is a proper recommendation for helping children cope with disaster or traumatic events? avoid all discussion of the trauma ask them to employ denial and suppression techniques constantly reexpose them to the situation in order to breed familiarity help them make sense of what happened

help them make sense of what happened

According to research, which of the following physiological characteristics have been linked with an inhibited temperament? (Select all that apply) fluctuating blood pressure low activity in the temporal lobe high activity in the frontal lobe high and stable heart rate high level of cortisol

high activity in the frontal lobe high and stable heart rate high level of cortisol

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to Adam when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. This is an illustration of how children use social comparison to make judgments about themselves and others how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older how children do not care whether adults acknowledge them

how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of . independence support dependence social need

independence

A research study was performed in which 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ______________ . This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions

jealousy or envy

Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions? elaboration executive attention joint attention implicit memory gaze following

joint attention gaze following

Select all that apply Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation? locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation self-regulation

locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation

Social______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation. cooperation referencing insight sophistication

referencing

A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile

reflective social

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? reflexive aggravated social agitated

reflexive

An important component of self-regulation or of executive function is emotion regime requirements relationships regulation

regulation

Which of the following are among the five core social and emotional learning domains targeted by CASEL? . relationship skills self-promotion self-awareness personality development responsible decision-makin

relationship skills self-awareness responsible decision-making

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the Blank______ year of life. fourth first third second

second

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called social protest reflexive anxiety stranger anxiety separation protest

separation protest

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? smiles frowns expressions of disgust cries

smiles cries

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? socioemotional selectivity reflexive attachment joint attention social referencing

social referencing

Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members? attachment theory social reduction theory socioemotional withdrawal theory socioemotional selectivity theory

socioemotional selectivity theory

Which of the following terms refers to the interactional nature of emotional communication between a parent and an infant when all is going well? reflexive separate synchronous unregulated

synchronous

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their identity temperament personality heredity

temperament

Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates_____. the concept of goodness of fit the slow-to-warm up child the notion of swaddling self-soothing

the concept of goodness of fit

The ability to reduce the stress reaction of a child to a disaster depends on which of the following factors? the type of support available for them the avoidance of peer support the severity of the disaster the lack of support needed

the type of support available for them the severity of the disaster