Chapter 10 Emotional Development and Attention
Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development? lack of competence disregulation culture multiculturalism
culture
Two-year-old Indah was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Bayu, age 1, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates . developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions gender differences in how children use and communicate emotion developmental differences in how personality is manifested that Bayu is showing the early signs of a behavior disorder
developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions
Select all that apply According to which two of the following models do certain characteristics that render children more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse contexts also make them more susceptible to optimal growth in supportive conditions? internal working model differential susceptibility model model of attachment developmental cascade model biological sensitivity to context model
differential susceptibility model biological sensitivity to context model
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. easy slow-to-cool-down difficult slow-to-warm-up
difficult
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the ability of infants to self-regulate their emotions difficulty of interpreting infant emotion short attention spans of most infants fear reactions that infants have when strangers are involved
difficulty of interpreting infant emotion
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. Multiple choice question. detached resistant disorganized avoidant
disorganized
A well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child? inhibited easy difficult open
easy
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences
easy
Eight-month-old Bassel is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) child
easy
Chess and Thomas - Kagan - Rothbart and Bates -
easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of Blank______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition. inhibited self affective effortful
effortful
Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model? effortful control inhibition to the unfamiliar the slow-to-warm-up child goodness of fit
effortful control
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called intuition desire emotion personality
emotion
Which term refers to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children? emotion-ambivalent parents emotion-coaching parents emotion-dismissing parents permissive parents
emotion-dismissing parents
older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing _____ satisfaction. emotional financial intellectual religious
emotional
is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
emotions
Punishing a child for emotions or feelings is considered a supportive caregiver emotion socialization strategy? True false question.
false
True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.
false
True or false: Young children are unable to understand that facial expressions indicate specific emotions or that emotions affect behavior.
false
Compared with younger adults, older adults experience more emotional highs and lows fewer emotional highs and lows more emotional highs and fewer emotional lows fewer emotional highs and more emotional lows
fewer emotional highs and lows
men have observed to react to stress with a _______________ or _______________ response, which can involve either aggressive actions or a withdrawal response.
fight flight
what emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? guilt fear disgust joy
guilt
Which of the following is a proper recommendation for helping children cope with disaster or traumatic events? avoid all discussion of the trauma ask them to employ denial and suppression techniques constantly reexpose them to the situation in order to breed familiarity help them make sense of what happened
help them make sense of what happened
According to research, which of the following physiological characteristics have been linked with an inhibited temperament? (Select all that apply) fluctuating blood pressure low activity in the temporal lobe high activity in the frontal lobe high and stable heart rate high level of cortisol
high activity in the frontal lobe high and stable heart rate high level of cortisol
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to Adam when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. This is an illustration of how children use social comparison to make judgments about themselves and others how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older how children do not care whether adults acknowledge them
how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of . independence support dependence social need
independence
Multiple Choice Question As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of support independence social need dependence
independence
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually influences the child's subsequent responses to other people develops into seven more developmental stages that occur over the life span deteriorates after the age of 24 months
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive ______ of emotional experience and daily life. expulsion integration diffusion separation
integration
Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children? separation protest social referencing maternal sensitivity primary emotions
maternal senitivity
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion? maturation of the cerebral cortex prenatal exposure to androgens development of the brain stem early parent-child verbal communication development of the hippocampus
maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem development of the hippocampus
As children progress from the ______ (early/middle/late) through the _______(early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.
middle late
According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people. minuscule moderate large total
moderate
Researchers are discovering that infants are (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.
more
As compared to the parents, adolescents are more likely to experience stability in emotions more extreme but less fleeting emotions less extreme but more fleeting emotions more extreme and more fleeting emotions
more extreme and more fleeting emotions
The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of Blank______. Multiple choice question. 7 months 11 months 9 months 5 months
7
Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following? . motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions increase in emotional understanding and communication shedding of the need for attachment perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated
motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated
Emotional changes in adulthood include which of the following? deciding not to internalize rules realizing things will always be successful moving toward a more predictable lifestyle making decisions about occupations making decisions about a life partner
moving toward a more predictable lifestyle making decisions about occupations making decisions about a life partner
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions. competency negative influential regulation
negative
Select all that apply The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? nervous system development face-to-face play infant social sophistication environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal
nervous system development environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal
Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is normal concerning wrong hurtful
normal
Which statement is false regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in middle and late childhood have an increased understanding of complex emotions.
Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.
Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. The first stage of infant development is the trust-versus-mistrust stage. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Providing nourishment is the most important factor in the attachment process.
Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures.
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
Which of the following identifies a key way that older children learn to deal with stress? cognitive coping strategies suppression of negativity behavioral therapy denial
cognitive coping strategies
The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional empathy strategies competence adaptability
competence
The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional ______. adaptability strategies competence empathy
competence
Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events? allow retelling of events reassure children of their safety and security make children write down their thoughts protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma
allow retelling of events reassure children of their safety and security protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma
What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting? emotional cry basic cry anger cry pain cry
anger cry
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know. anxiety danger shame anger
anxiety
According to the differential susceptibility and the biological sensitivity to context models, programs that deal with "difficult" temperaments should target children who ______. will fail to flourish when given a lot of care and support are unflappable in the face of adversity are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations are without attachment to any adult
are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations
The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called
attachment
cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic
Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal? . locomotion social referencing cooperation attachment
cooperation
In the Second Step program, which of the following is the focus of social-emotional learning for grades 6-8? . making friends coping with stress self-regulation attention skills
coping with stress
A disaster can have damaging effects on a child, including which of the following? bipolar disorder panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder depression
panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder depression
As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? positive relationship development corresponding inner and outer emotional states resilience in stressful circumstances more effective management of their emotions
positive relationship development resilience in stressful circumstances more effective management of their emotions
Which of the following emotions would Allissa likely demonstrate when she receives a high grade on her biology exam?
pride joy happiness
Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy? primary emotions self-conscious emotions hardwired emotions secondary emotions
primary
An important component of self-regulation or of executive function is emotion regime requirements relationships regulation
regulation
Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others. dismissing language regulation coaching
regulation
Researchers consider the growth of emotion______ in children a part of becoming socially competent. regulation externalization coping internalization
regulation
Which of the following are among the five core social and emotional learning domains targeted by CASEL? . relationship skills self-promotion self-awareness personality development responsible decision-makin
relationship skills self-awareness responsible decision-making
Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the Blank______ year of life. fourth first third second
second
An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called social protest reflexive anxiety stranger anxiety separation protest
separation protest
Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar? low activity level shyness with strangers need for regularity extroversion
shyness with strangers
Which of the following actions soothe infants? singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking ignoring refusing to reinforce
singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? smiles frowns expressions of disgust cries
smiles cries
Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? emotional adaptiveness coping with stress attachment social competence
social competence coping with stress emotional adaptiveness
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? socioemotional selectivity reflexive attachment joint attention social referencing
social referencing
Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members? attachment theory social reduction theory socioemotional withdrawal theory socioemotional selectivity theory
socioemotional selectivity theory
Dewi rocks and sings to her infant when he is upset. Dewi is using these methods to______ her baby. validate arouse soothe swaddle
soothe
Nine-year-old Rizky used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______. redirect feelings suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions have a capacity for genuine empathy
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Which of the following terms refers to the interactional nature of emotional communication between a parent and an infant when all is going well? reflexive separate synchronous unregulated
synchronous
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their identity temperament personality heredity
temperament
Which of the following is a major milestone of early childhood? the ability to shift one's emotions away from societal norms the ability to control one's emotions the ability to verbalize only basic emotions the ability to intuit others' emotions
the ability to control one's emotions
Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates_____. the concept of goodness of fit the slow-to-warm up child the notion of swaddling self-soothing
the concept of goodness of fit
The ability to reduce the stress reaction of a child to a disaster depends on which of the following factors? the type of support available for them the avoidance of peer support the severity of the disaster the lack of support needed
the type of support available for them the severity of the disaster
True or False Question Adolescents who are experiencing high levels of stress are at increased risk for developing depression.
true
True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined. True false
true
Research finds that women are more vulnerable to social and life stressors and are more likely to respond by using fight fluctuating between flight and depression using flight using a tend and befriend pattern
using a tend and befriend pattern
Which of the following is considered a supportive emotion socialization strategy? . ignoring a child's emotion expressions expressing excessive negativity validating a child's emotion helping a child learn to use emotion strategies discussing emotions with the child
validating a child's emotion helping a child learn to use emotion strategies discussing emotions with the child
When individuals have an easy temperament during childhood, their behaviors during young adulthood are more likely to be Blank______. confused well-adjusted erratic ill-adjusted
well adjusted
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? reflexive aggravated social agitated
reflexive
Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of ______. 18 to 24 months 2 1/2 years 10 to 12 months 3 1/2 years
18 to 24 months
in part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age. Multiple choice question. 8-10 months 4-6 months 10-12 months 2-3 months
2-3 months
Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence? Adolescents do not attach stigma to depression. Adolescents are able to recognize depression in most situations. Adolescents who have higher levels of stress are at risk of developing anxiety issues but not depression. Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.
Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.
Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up? Jean Piaget Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas Mary Rothbart and John Bates Jerome Kagan
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas
____ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people. Temperament Attachment Emotional competence Social interaction
Attachment
Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? Attachment is the first phase of development in the infant's life, the trust versus mistrust phase. Attachment is important for survival. There are five phases of attachment. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature. Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? Multiple select question. Kagan Freud Erikson Bowlby Piaget
Freud Erikson Bowlby
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Gartstein Rothbart Kagan Chess and Thomas
Kagen
Which of the following are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions rather than to show emotional reserve. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.
Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.
Which of the following are true about older adults' emotional lives as compared to younger adults? Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel. Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion. Older adults pay more attention to negative information. Older adults tend to live sad, more lonely lives.
Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel. Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion.
As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? more effective management of their emotions resilience in stressful circumstances corresponding inner and outer emotional states positive relationship development
Positive relationship development Resilience in stressful circumstances More effective management of their emotions
Ainsworth created the_______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
emotion-coaching is emotion dismissing is
The child is able to regulate negative affect. The child shows poor emotion regulation.
Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament? caregiver's culture birth size effort control gender
caregiver's culture gender
A research study was performed in which 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ______________ . This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions
jealousy or envy
Jack and Jill are brother and sister fraternal twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to (Jack/Jill) ___________simply because of the gender.
jill
Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions? elaboration executive attention joint attention implicit memory gaze following
joint attention gaze following
Select all that apply Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation? locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation self-regulation
locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as Blank______. Multiple choice question. selectivity fight or flight self-regulation reactivity
reactivity self-regulation
Social______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation. cooperation referencing insight sophistication
referencing
A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile
reflective social