Chapter 10 Personality : Theory and Measurement

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

According to the Greek physician Hippocrates, yellow bile is associated with_____ disposition.

Choleric

When comparing the human mind to an iceberg, Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the______ part of the mind.

Conscious

_____ believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality.

Erik Erikson

______in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

Existentialism

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is an oral trait?

Gullibility

according to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It begins to develop during the first year of life.

Which of the following is true of the trait theory?

It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?

It focuses on learning by observation.

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is true of the superego?

It holds up shining models of an ideal self and monitors the intentions of the ego.

_____ is also termed as modeling.

Observational learning

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

According to Freud, __________is an anal-retentive trait.

Perfectionism

Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the ____of psychosexual development.

Phallic stage

______are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

Traits

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?

a child from France is learning English at home.

The Electra complex involves:

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

archetypes

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, Aaron is a(n) _____.

collectivist

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _______, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness

Freud believed that a major instinct, __________, aims to preserve and perpetuate life.

eros

________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

individualists

__________refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

personality

The humanistic psychologists Carl Rogers defined the _____ as the experience.

self

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

The intellectual functioning of an individual can not be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of _____.

Trust versus mistrust

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.

In psychological testing, ________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Rogers also believed that we have mental images of what we are capable of becoming, termed______.

self-ideals.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament.

Melancholic

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

Reliability

In the context of social cognitive theory, examples of situational variables include:

Rewards and punishments

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________.

Self-awareness

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

Social relationships

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Identify the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

The genital stage

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of objective tests?

They present respondents with a standardized group of test items.

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the ______.

Anal stage

In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n)______.

Anal-retentive trait

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

Forced- choice format

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration.

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?

It subdues the importance of publicly observable variable or behaviors.

Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic, energy, which Freud labeled__________.

Libido

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

Pleasure principle

The theories of Sigmund Freud formed the basis of the _____ of personality.

Psychodynamic theories

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.

Self-efficacy expectations

Observational learning is one of the foundations of__________.

Social cognitive theory

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential, or to be all one_____.

Self-actualization

One of the similarities between views of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson is that both believed that:

Social relationship (such as that between a parent and child) are more important determinants of personality than sexual urges.

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?

They emphasize the importance of environmental conditions as determinants of behavior.

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the __________functions according to the moral principle.

Superego

_______refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.

Cognitive learning

_______is judgement of another person 's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors.

Conditional positive regard

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

The Id