chapter 10 review

List and describe the four components of emotional intelligence

A critical part of social intelligence, emotional intelligence, consists of four abilities Perceiving emotions (recognizing them in faces, music, and stories) Understanding emotions (predicting them and how they may change and blend) Managing emotions (knowing how to express them in varied situations) Using emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking

Compare and contrast cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies

A cross-sectional study is one type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s). This is usually done with cohorts, so that researchers can examine how people of different ages perform, behave, or respond to a particular function. For example, a researcher may give one type of test to children in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades, to examine the differences in performance across these age groups. A longitudinal study is somewhat similar to a repeated measures study but in this case people are study and restudied over a period of time (as opposed to studied across different experimental conditions as is the case with a repeated measures study). The longitudinal study design is good for looking at the effects or changes over a long period of time, usually as people age. For example, a psychologist may study the effects of counseling for children of divorce as they age. The children may get counseling for one year and then the researcher measures the children on different things (e.g., coping, stress, anxiety, etc.) once a year for the next 10 years and compare them to children who did not receive the counseling, but were measured in the same way and times. This would allow the researcher to see if the counseling had any effects as the children aged compared to those who did not receive counseling.

normal curve

A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. Normal curves are also called bell shaped curves. A "true" normal curve is when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve. The normal curve is an important, strong, reoccurring phenomenon in psychology. An example of a normal distribution would be a frequency distribution of people's height. Most people would be of average height with extremes occurring on either side.

List and describe the three criteria a psychological test must meet to be widely accepted

A psychological test must be standardized (pretested on a representative sample of people),reliable(yielding consistent results) and valid(measuring and predicting what it is supposed to)

Describe each of these theories of intelligence Spearman's general intelligence Thurstone's primary mental abilities Gardner's multiple intelligences Sternberg's triarchic theory

Charles Spearman: General Intelligence described a concept he referred to as general intelligence( underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.), or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed. Louis L. Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities. The abilities that he described include:(a,n,p,r,s,v,w) Associative memory Numerical ability Perceptual speed Reasoning Spatial visualization Verbal comprehension Word fluency Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence, such as in the IQ test, are not a full and accurate depiction of people's abilities. His theory describes eight distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities that are valued in different cultures. The eight kinds of intelligence Gardner described are:(b,i,i,l,m,n,v,v) Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Musical intelligence Naturalistic intelligence Visual-spatial intelligence Verbal-linguistic intelligence Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he instead suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence," which involves three different factors: Analytical intelligence: Your problem-solving abilities. Creative intelligence: Your capacity to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills. Practical intelligence: Your ability to adapt to a changing environment.

content validity

Content validity is an important research methodology term that refers to how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended. For example, let's say your teacher gives you a psychology test on the psychological principles of sleep. The purpose of this test is to measure your knowledge or mastery of the psychological priniciples of sleep, right? If the test does indeed measure this, then it is said to have content validity -- it measures what it is supposed to measure.

crystallized intelligence

Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger. .

fluid intelligence

Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies. Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence tend to decline as people reach later adulthood.

predictive validity

Predictive validity is the extent to which performance on a test is related to later performance that the test was designed to predict. For example, the SAT test is taken by high school students to predict their future performance in college (namely, their college GPA). If students who scored high on the SAT tend to have high GPAs in college, then we can say that the SAT has good predictive validity. But if there is no significant relation between SAT sores and college GPA, then we would say the SAT has low or poor predictive validity, because it did not predict what it was supposed to.

Explain the Flynn effect

The Flynn Effect is the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time. There are many possible explanations for the Flynn Effect including better nutrition, less infectious disease, longer and more productive education, and more stimulating environments.

eugenics

The field of Eugenics is concerned with the genetic quality of humans. People who are in favor of eugenics promote the reproduction of those with positive genetic traits (such as intelligence, attractiveness, and height) and fewer offspring for those with undesirable traits. Eugenics can be brought into practice through birth control or sterilization of those with undesirable traits to prevent reproduction. In extreme circumstances eugenics can lead to extermination of people with traits or qualities that are deemed undesirable, such as the murder of millions of people by the Nazis before and during World War II.

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Know the criteria for diagnosis of intellectual disability

To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability, a person must meet two criteria. The first is low intellectual functioning as reflected in a low intelligence test score. Guidelines specify test score performance that is in the lowest 3 percent of the general population, or about 70 or below . The second criterion is that the person must have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living, as expressed in three areas, or skills: conceptual (language, reading, and concepts of money, time, and number); social (interpersonal skills, being socially responsible, following basic rules and laws, avoiding being victimized); practical (health and personal care, occupational skill, and travel).

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

g

according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Compare and contrast achievement tests and aptitude tests

aptitude tests - a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.A college entrance exam, which seeks to predict your ability to do college work, is an aptitude test. achievement tests - a test designed to assess what a person has learned. .Exams covering what you have learned in this course are achievement tests.