Chapter 10: Water-Soluble Vitamins
In the US, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with:
-alcoholism -tryptophan metabolism disorder -anorexia nervosa
The vitamin _______ is sometimes taken to treat PMS, morning sickness or carpal tunnel syndrome, even though it has not been proven to be effective.
B-6
Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?
Biotin
Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin ______ prevents the common cold.
C
Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include:
Carotenoids, vitamin C, phytochemicals
Flushing is a possible side effect when using the vitamin ______ to treat elevated LDL cholesterol.
Niacin
Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of:
Niacin
Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?
Niacin
Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?
Thiamin
An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity (True or False)
True
In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin-like compound called
choline
Vitamin C is different from the rest of the B Vitamins in that is does not function as part of a
coenzyme
A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is:
inositol
A ______________ cell does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived.
malignant
In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that
add carbon dioxide to other compounds
Vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its _____________ properties.
antioxidant
Medical experts suggest that supplementation of __________ may increase the risk of cancer.
antioxidants
The vitamin-like compounds that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is:
lipoic acid
An organ meat high in biotin is
liver
Anancephaly and _____________ _____________ may occur if a woman's diet is low in folate.
spina bifida
Although plants do not contain _____________, vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that is isn't essential.
taurine
Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ___________-soluble vitamins.
water
The B Vitamins and vitamin C are ________________ vitamins
water-soluble
Cells that require vitamin _______ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate
B-12
Most cases of vitamin B-12 deficiency results from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intake.
B-12
Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable?
Folate
What is the name of the protein in RBCs that transports oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?
Thiamin
Niacin participates in which of the following?
Energy metabolism
Catnitine has been proven to be a useful aid for exercise and weight loss (True or False)
False
Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common. (True or False)
False
There is consistent evidence that vitamin C can prevent CVD. (True or False)
False
Taking folic acid supplements can cure the anemia and nervous system damage of a B-12 deficiency. (True or False)
False. may cure the anemia but not serious nervous damage.
The body is able to store which type of vitamins?
Fat-soluble
Which nutrient is broken down when exposed to light?
Riboflavin
_______________ is the water-soluble nutrient that breaks down rapidly when exposed to light.
Riboflavin
_________________ is a component of two coenzymnes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best source of this vitamin.
Riboflavin
High intake of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of cancers of the:
Stomach, Esophagus, and lungs
Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?
Vitamin C
Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of __________- ____________ syndrome.
Wernicke-Korsakoff
In the body, pantothenic acid is important for:
-fatty acid synthesis -energy metabolism
Vitamin C is unstable in the presence of:
-heat -light -oxygen -copper
Vitamin-like compounds include:
-inositol -choline -lipoic acid -carnitine
To decrease the risk of cancer, one can:
-limit the intake of red meat -limit the intake of fried meats -limit the intake of alcohol
3 leading causes of cancer death for men are:
-prostate -collorectum -lung
What are some food sources of Riboflavin?
-spinach -milk -yogurt
What are good sources of vitamin C?
-strawberries -citrus fruits -potatoes
Sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B12:
1. Hydrochloric acid seperates B-12 from animal protein. 2. The stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3.B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) 4. The IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart. 5. B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood.
What are some sign and symptoms of vitamin B-6 deficiency?
-Anemia -Convulsion -Dermatitis -Depression -Confusion
Good sources of pantothenic acid are:
-Chicken liver -mushrooms -sunflower seeds
What are some food sources of folate?
-Leafy vegetable -Liver -Asparagus
The thiamin deficiency disease ______________ is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous system.
beriberi
Aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors to:
cancer
A _________________ in an environmental factor, such as radiation, tobacco smoke, or a virus that triggers cancer.
carcinogen
Alcohol is considered a ___________________, a cancer causing agent
carcinogen
Connnective tissue gets its strength from the protein
collagen
A diet adequate in __________________ is recommended for prevented neural tube defects.
folate
The deficiencies of both vitamin B-12 and folate can result in
megaloblastic anemia
One suggestion of preserving vitamin C is to store vitamin C in rich foods in the __________________.
refrigerator
Treatment of pernicious anemia usually consists of:
regular B-12 injections
Vitamin C absorption occurs in the:
small intestine
Vitamin-like compounds are similar to vitamins except
they are not essential
In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are:
used as coenzymes
What are the best way to detect cancer in its early stages?
-Various screening methods -Regular health checkups
Some medical experts believe that antioxidant supplements may _____________ the risk of certain types of cancer.
increase
What makes cancer causation a complex process?
-Lifestyle practices -Nutritional states -Genetic makeup -Environmental exposures
The American Cancer Association recommends you to do them following in order to reduce cancer risk:
-Limit alcohol consumption -Maintain a healthy weight -Become physically active
What are some food sources of vitamin B-6?
-Meat -Liver -Fish
What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?
-Meat -Poultry -Milk
What are good sources of Thiamin?
-Pork -Orange Juice -Legumes
Biotin roles in the body include:
-amino acid breakdown -glucose synthesis -fatty-acid synthesis
The body needs choline to:
-as a part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine -produce phospholipids in cell membranes -synthesize a part of phospholipid in the liver
3 leading causes of cancer death for women are:
-colorectum -breast -lung
What are the signs of pellagra?
-dermatitis -dementia -diarrhea
Inositol may be conditionally essential in:
-diabetes -multiple sclerosis -certain cancers
Folate is easily destroyed by:
-oxidation -heat -ultraviolet light
Most cases of vitamin _________ deficiency result from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intakes.
B-12
People who eat little/no animal products may have a deficiency of:
B-12
What are the three nutrients that work together to lower homocysteine levels and improve psychological health (including depression and dementia)?
B-12, folate, B-6
______________ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a co-enzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates
Thiamin
When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as it's ___________ function.
coenzyme
Meats like beef, pork, and lamb increase the risk of ___________ cancer.
colon
A disease has __________________ when cancer spreads to other tissues.
metastasized
Cancer is characterized by cells that have undergone damage or ________________ to certain genes.
mutations