Chapter 10: Water-Soluble Vitamins

In the US, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with:

-alcoholism -tryptophan metabolism disorder -anorexia nervosa

The vitamin _______ is sometimes taken to treat PMS, morning sickness or carpal tunnel syndrome, even though it has not been proven to be effective.

B-6

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

Biotin

Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin ______ prevents the common cold.

C

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include:

Carotenoids, vitamin C, phytochemicals

Flushing is a possible side effect when using the vitamin ______ to treat elevated LDL cholesterol.

Niacin

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of:

Niacin

Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?

Niacin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

Thiamin

An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity (True or False)

True

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin-like compound called

choline

Vitamin C is different from the rest of the B Vitamins in that is does not function as part of a

coenzyme

A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is:

inositol

A ______________ cell does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived.

malignant

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds

Vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its _____________ properties.

antioxidant

Medical experts suggest that supplementation of __________ may increase the risk of cancer.

antioxidants

The vitamin-like compounds that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is:

lipoic acid

An organ meat high in biotin is

liver

Anancephaly and _____________ _____________ may occur if a woman's diet is low in folate.

spina bifida

Although plants do not contain _____________, vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that is isn't essential.

taurine

Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ___________-soluble vitamins.

water

The B Vitamins and vitamin C are ________________ vitamins

water-soluble

Cells that require vitamin _______ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate

B-12

Most cases of vitamin B-12 deficiency results from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intake.

B-12

Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable?

Folate

What is the name of the protein in RBCs that transports oxygen?

Hemoglobin

Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?

Thiamin

Niacin participates in which of the following?

Energy metabolism

Catnitine has been proven to be a useful aid for exercise and weight loss (True or False)

False

Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common. (True or False)

False

There is consistent evidence that vitamin C can prevent CVD. (True or False)

False

Taking folic acid supplements can cure the anemia and nervous system damage of a B-12 deficiency. (True or False)

False. may cure the anemia but not serious nervous damage.

The body is able to store which type of vitamins?

Fat-soluble

Which nutrient is broken down when exposed to light?

Riboflavin

_______________ is the water-soluble nutrient that breaks down rapidly when exposed to light.

Riboflavin

_________________ is a component of two coenzymnes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best source of this vitamin.

Riboflavin

High intake of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of cancers of the:

Stomach, Esophagus, and lungs

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of __________- ____________ syndrome.

Wernicke-Korsakoff

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for:

-fatty acid synthesis -energy metabolism

Vitamin C is unstable in the presence of:

-heat -light -oxygen -copper

Vitamin-like compounds include:

-inositol -choline -lipoic acid -carnitine

To decrease the risk of cancer, one can:

-limit the intake of red meat -limit the intake of fried meats -limit the intake of alcohol

3 leading causes of cancer death for men are:

-prostate -collorectum -lung

What are some food sources of Riboflavin?

-spinach -milk -yogurt

What are good sources of vitamin C?

-strawberries -citrus fruits -potatoes

Sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B12:

1. Hydrochloric acid seperates B-12 from animal protein. 2. The stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3.B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) 4. The IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart. 5. B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood.

What are some sign and symptoms of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

-Anemia -Convulsion -Dermatitis -Depression -Confusion

Good sources of pantothenic acid are:

-Chicken liver -mushrooms -sunflower seeds

What are some food sources of folate?

-Leafy vegetable -Liver -Asparagus

The thiamin deficiency disease ______________ is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

beriberi

Aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors to:

cancer

A _________________ in an environmental factor, such as radiation, tobacco smoke, or a virus that triggers cancer.

carcinogen

Alcohol is considered a ___________________, a cancer causing agent

carcinogen

Connnective tissue gets its strength from the protein

collagen

A diet adequate in __________________ is recommended for prevented neural tube defects.

folate

The deficiencies of both vitamin B-12 and folate can result in

megaloblastic anemia

One suggestion of preserving vitamin C is to store vitamin C in rich foods in the __________________.

refrigerator

Treatment of pernicious anemia usually consists of:

regular B-12 injections

Vitamin C absorption occurs in the:

small intestine

Vitamin-like compounds are similar to vitamins except

they are not essential

In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are:

used as coenzymes

What are the best way to detect cancer in its early stages?

-Various screening methods -Regular health checkups

Some medical experts believe that antioxidant supplements may _____________ the risk of certain types of cancer.

increase

What makes cancer causation a complex process?

-Lifestyle practices -Nutritional states -Genetic makeup -Environmental exposures

The American Cancer Association recommends you to do them following in order to reduce cancer risk:

-Limit alcohol consumption -Maintain a healthy weight -Become physically active

What are some food sources of vitamin B-6?

-Meat -Liver -Fish

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?

-Meat -Poultry -Milk

What are good sources of Thiamin?

-Pork -Orange Juice -Legumes

Biotin roles in the body include:

-amino acid breakdown -glucose synthesis -fatty-acid synthesis

The body needs choline to:

-as a part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine -produce phospholipids in cell membranes -synthesize a part of phospholipid in the liver

3 leading causes of cancer death for women are:

-colorectum -breast -lung

What are the signs of pellagra?

-dermatitis -dementia -diarrhea

Inositol may be conditionally essential in:

-diabetes -multiple sclerosis -certain cancers

Folate is easily destroyed by:

-oxidation -heat -ultraviolet light

Most cases of vitamin _________ deficiency result from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intakes.

B-12

People who eat little/no animal products may have a deficiency of:

B-12

What are the three nutrients that work together to lower homocysteine levels and improve psychological health (including depression and dementia)?

B-12, folate, B-6

______________ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a co-enzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates

Thiamin

When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as it's ___________ function.

coenzyme

Meats like beef, pork, and lamb increase the risk of ___________ cancer.

colon

A disease has __________________ when cancer spreads to other tissues.

metastasized

Cancer is characterized by cells that have undergone damage or ________________ to certain genes.

mutations