Chapter 10

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes.

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

Jet lag

How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?

Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time.

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

Nightmares are associated with _______ sleep.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system.

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep.

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the

consolidation of perceptual learning.

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large-amplitude delta waves.

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match animal A's rhythm.

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain.

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors.

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift.

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation.

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea.

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep.

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery.

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women; the later stages of life

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber.

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber.