Chapter 10
Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is
90-110 minutes.
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?
An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.
What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?
It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.
_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.
Jet lag
How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?
Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time.
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
REM
Nightmares are associated with _______ sleep.
REM
The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.
REM
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?
The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.
In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.
a bit later than
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system.
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.
about 20
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
an abundance of REM sleep.
Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.
basal forebrain
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience
better academic performance.
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the
consolidation of perceptual learning.
The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.
infradian
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves.
If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will
match animal A's rhythm.
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
midbrain.
Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called
night terrors.
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show
phase shift.
Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.
pineal gland
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation.
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.
shorter; REM
It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of
sleep apnea.
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
stage 3 sleep (SWS).
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep.
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM.
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes.
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
vague visual imagery.
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.
women; the later stages of life
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber.
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
zeitgeber.