chapter 11

Rank these analogues from most similar to most dissimilar (1 = most similar, 6 = most dissimilar). football and tennis football and rugby football and golf football and bowling football and chess football and basketball

1. football and rugby 2. football and basketball 3. football and tennis 4. football and bowling 5. football and golf 6. football and chess

Most members of the NRA are Republicans; therefore, probably York is a Republican. York is not a member of the NRA. Most people are Republicans. York is a member of the NRA.

York is a member of the NRA.

The fallacy of cum hoc, ergo propter hoc refers to the mistake of thinking that a wrongful deed gets erased if it is a response to another wrongful deed. a circular reason is a sufficient causal explanation. an effect is a cause. a correlation between two things proves that one caused the other.

a correlation between two things proves that one caused the other.

Covariation occurs when _____. a variation is shown in only one phenomenon a variation in one phenomenon is accompanied by a lack of variation in another phenomenon a variation in two phenomena are in opposite directions a variation in one phenomenon is accompanied by a variation in another phenomenon

a variation in one phenomenon is accompanied by a variation in another phenomenon

Saccharin causes cancer in rats, and rats are like humans, biologically speaking. So saccharin will cause cancer in humans, too. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogue: Rats and humans Attribute of interest: Being subject to causation to cancer by saccharin

You need strong, quick fingers if you're going to play a violin or a viola. Angus is great on the violin; he'd probably be great on the viola, too. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogues: Angus's violin and viola playing. attribute of interest: being great.

Doug Gray is a successful businessman; he'd make a fine mayor. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogues: Gray's performance as businessman and as mayorAttribute of interest: being successful.

Tell you what, this ant poison looks like Windex. I bet we can clean the windows with it. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogues: Windex and this ant poison. Attribute of interest: being a window cleanser.

I liked Will Smith's last movie, so I'll probably like this one too, especially because they have the same story line. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogues: will smith's last movie and his current movie attribute of interest: my liking it

Jeb Bush is very popular in Georgia. He'd be just as popular in Alabama because most voters in both states are southern conservatives. Analogues: Attribute of interest:

Analogues; Jeb Bush's popularity in Georgia and in Alabama. Attribute of interest: being very popular

"Terrence does not take good care of his dog. Therefore, his brother Hobbs will not take good care of the dog." What type of argument does the above statement represent? Argument based on mathematics Argument by elimination Argument from definition Argument from analogy

Argument from analogy

Correlations fail to offer a reason for hypothesizing that causation may exist. True False

False Reason: This is false. When guided by common sense and background knowledge of what causes what, correlations can offer a reason for hypothesizing causation may exist.

"Republicans tend to be conservative. Sam is conservative in nature. Therefore, Sam is a Republican." What type of an argument is this? Inductive Deductive

Inductive

Classify the following statements into two categories, inductive generalizations from samples and statistical syllogisms. Inductive generalization from a sample

Inductive generalization from a sample: Rain Bird sprinklers don't last long, judging from my experience. I don't think camphor trees are deciduous; at any rate, ours isn't. Target gives refunds with no questions asked. I found that out when I returned a shirt without a receipt. It's difficult to find a grocery store in Fresno; the time I was there, I looked all over the place and only found car-parts places and liquor stores Jorge and Susan are both really bright; apparently, most music majors are.

York belongs to the NRA; he's probably a Republican. Most people who belong to the Republican Party avoid the NRA. Most people who belong to the NRA are Republicans. Most people are Republicans.

Most people who belong to the NRA are Republicans.

I don't see how you could have high blood pressure; you jog, what, ten miles a day? Most people who have high blood pressure jog ten miles a day. Most people who jog ten miles a day don't have high blood pressure. Most people have high blood pressure and jog ten miles a day.

Most people who jog ten miles a day don't have high blood pressure.

Sharon shops online; I bet she doesn't pay sales tax. Most people who pay sales tax don't shop online. Most people who shop online pay sales tax. Most people who shop online don't pay sales tax.

Most people who shop online don't pay sales tax.

Melody will be upset; who wouldn't if her husband did that? Melody will be upset at the way her husband treats her. Most people would be upset by a husband who treats them in that way. Most people would not do what her husband did.

Most people would be upset by a husband who treats them in that way.

Categorize each of the following into a claim about a specific case of cause and effect, a general causal claim, or neither of these. Neither of these

Neither of these: The most frequently stolen utility vehicle is a 2007 Honda Civic. the women her returned to be with is Deborah.

Most smokers drink; I imagine, therefore, that Sally drinks. Sally is a drinker. Sally is a smoker. Most drinkers smoke.

Sally is a smoker.

Classify the following statements into two categories, inductive generalizations from samples and statistical syllogisms. Statistical syllogism

Statistical syllogism: That sprinkler won't last long: it's a Rain Bird. Don't worry about your tree losing its leaves; it's a camphor tree. Blu-ray disks aren't any better than regular old DVDs; so don't expect this disk to be better than what you are used to. Marsha will be on time; she usually is Jorge and Susan are both really bright; after all, they are music majors.

Don't waste your time trying to teach that dog to fetch. Otterhounds don't do that. That dog is an Otterhound. Teaching most Otterhounds is a waste of time. Most people like to teach Otterhounds to fetch.

That dog is an Otterhound.

Most people who drive that kind of car have money to burn, so I imagine he has money to burn. The car he drives is of that kind. Most people have money to burn. Most people drive a car of that kind.

The car he drives is of that kind.

Dr. Walker belongs to the ACLU; most people who belong to the ACLU are liberals. Most liberals belong to the ACLU. Dr. Walker belongs to the ACLU like most people. Therefore, probably Dr. Walker is a liberal.

Therefore, probably Dr. Walker is a liberal.

For her survey, Professor Fritz put the name of every student at the college in a hat, stirred well, and then choose 100 names from the hat. Is this a random sample? Yes No

skewed

When one de-generalizes, one concludes that particular members of a population have an attribute because _____. a popular member of the populations has that attribute a minority proportion of all the population's members have that attribute more than one member of the population has that attribute some high proportion of all the population's members have that attribute

some high proportion of all the population's members have that attribute

A causal ______ sets forth the cause of some event. statement argument principle evidence

statement

A syllogism having this form: Such-and-such proportion of Xs are Ys. This is an X. Therefore, this is a Y

statisitical syllogism

A causal hypothesis is a(n) ____ claim. tentative absolute

tentative

The strength of an argument from analogy is inversely proportional to the number of contrary analogues among its premise-analogues.

true

The proportion of a population that actually has an attribute of interest is called true proportion. heterogeneous population. stereotypical proportion. target population.

true proportion.

Rank these analogues from most similar to most dissimilar (1 = most similar, 6 = most dissimilar). going to a ballet and going to a classical concert seeing lady gaga in concert and going to a july forth fireworks show watching lady gaga on youtube and seeing her in concert listening to classical music and reading poetry going to a rock concert and going to a bluegrass concert going to a ballet and watching lady gaga on youtube

1. watching lady gaga on youtube and seeing her in concert 2. going to a ballet and going to a classical concert 3. going to a rock concert and going to a bluegrass concert 4. listening to classical music and reading poetry 5. seeing lady gaga in concert and going to a july forth fireworks show 6. going to a ballet and watching lady gaga on youtube

What is the probability of rolling a 3 on a fair die? 1/6 1/2 1/3 1/12

1/6

Categorize each of the following into a claim about a specific case of cause and effect, a general causal claim, or neither of these. A claim about a specific case

A claim about a specific case: The hibiscus died while we were away. There must have been a frost. Carlos isn't as fast as he used to be; that's what old age will do. Kent's college education helped him get a high-paying job. A stuck hatch cover on Spacelab blocked a French ultraviolet camera from conducting a sky survey of celestial objects. Investigation revealed the problem was a short- circuited power supply. The high reading on the thermometer resulted from two causes: This thermometer was located lower to the ground than at other stations, and its shelter was too small, so the ventilation was inadequate. WIN 51,711 halts development of paralysis in mice that have been infected -with polio-2

Categorize each of the following into a claim about a specific case of cause and effect, a general causal claim, or neither of these. A general causal claim

A general causal claim: Vitamin C prevents colds. A stuck hatch cover on Spacelab blocked a French ultraviolet camera from conducting a sky survey of celestial objects. Investigation revealed the problem was a short- circuited power supply. Oilv smoke in the exhaust is caused by worn rings. The initial tests indicate that caffeine has toxic effects in humans. Neonatal sepsis is usually fatal among newborns

Identify whether each of these is an argument from analogy or an analogy that isn't an argument. an analogy that isn't an argument

an analogy that isn't an argument: Between you and me, Huck has less personality than a pincushion Working in this office is like driving around Florida, without AC. Religion...is the opium of the people. To abolish religion as the illusory happiness of the people is to demand their real happiness. Here, use that screwdriver like a chisel. Just give it a good whack with the hammer. I love washing dishes like I love cleaning the bathroom. Driving fast is playing with fire.

Things that have similar attributes

analogues

An argument that something has an attribute because a similar thing has that attribute

argument from analogy

Identify whether each of these is an argument from analogy or an analogy that isn't an argument. argument from analogy

argument from analogy: You don't like picnicking? Well, you won't like camping, either. You can't do either without getting eaten by mosquitoes. argument from analogy These shrubs have shiny green leaves, and so does privet. I bet these shrubs keep their leaves in the winter, too. As soon as I saw all these formulas and stuff, I knew I'd like symbolic logic. It's just like math, which I love. Too much sun will make your face leathery. I suppose it will have that effect on your hands, too. She's no good at tennis. No way she's good at racquetball.

In the law, "causation" is defined as a connection between action and harm. as a connection between legal causes and probability. as the strength of a statistical syllogism and the probability of its conclusion. as proof by absence of disproof.

as a connection between action and harm.

An attempt to rebut an argument from analogy by calling attention to important dissimilarities between the analogues

attacking the analogy

The attribute ascribed to a thing or things in the conclusion of an inductive generalization, inductive argument from analogy, or statistical syllogism

attribute of interest

If a variable is not present in the sample at the same rate as in the population, the sample is _____ in respect to that variable. biased proportional representative random

biased

In the context of inductive reasoning, a(n) ________ statement is an event that brings about a change or effect.

causal

The analogue referred to in the conclusion of an argument from analogy

conclusion-analogue

True or false: A legal or proximate cause is the same as a cause sine qua non.

false

A sampling ____ sets the parameters for a particular population. bias frame proportion

frame

Classify the following statements into two categories, based on the distinction each has. A general statement refers to multiple members of a population nonspecifically. general statement

general statement: Annual ryegrass dies out in the summer. Feral donkeys cause considerable damage to the ecology of Death Valley. A significant proportion of small-business owners oppose raising the minimum wage. Glasses purchased online may not be satisfactory for your purposes. The most common seeing-eye dog is the German shepherd.

Controlled experiments dependent independent

independent

n argument intended to support a conclusion, rather than to prove or demonstrate it

inductive argument

Classify the following statements into two categories, based on the distinction each has. A general statement refers to multiple members of a population nonspecifically. not a general statement

not a general statement: Danielle is older than Christina. The president of the senior class didn't wear a tux to the prom, if you can believe it. It costs $55 a year to subscribe to Consumer Reports. "Tony the Shark" works for "No Doz Escobar." The Toledo museum isn't open this evening.

The principle that you must take into account all available evidence in estimating that the probability of a claim is true

principle pf total evidence