Chapter 11

Jim is a manager at a local retail store. Currently, his employees receive pay checks weekly. Jim is thinking about changing this to biweekly pay checks and incorporating quarterly bonuses based on individual employee sales totals. If he proceeds, Jim would be making what kind of changes?

Continuing fixed interval schedule and starting variable ratio schedule

__________ intelligence includes cognitive, motivational, and behavioral dimensions of multicultural competence.

Cultural

When giving an employee praise, where should you start?

Tell the employee what they did correctly

____________ is a theory that proposes that employees are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs.

Equity theory

__________ refers to the perception of the relationship between performance and the outcome.

Instrumentality

Which of the following is not a major class of motivation theory?

Internal motivation theories

When training employees, which form of reinforcement generally works better than punishment?

Positive

____________________ focus on understanding how employees choose behaviors to fulfill their needs.

Process motivation theories

Managers' expectations of employees can impact the employees' motivation. This is called ______.

Pygmalion effect

Sarah spends two hours a day for a week preparing for an exam. Her friend, Dinesh, only prepares for three hours the night before the exam and always has a grade at least 8 points higher. In which component of performance might Dinesh be considered stronger than Sarah?

ability

Under equity theory, all of the following would be considered a possible output, except __________.

effort

Each of the following needs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs is considered to be a maintenance factor under two-factor theory, except __________.

esteem

Maslow's physiological and safety needs fall under which needs category of the ERG theory of motivation?

existence

Instrumentality is part of the _________ theory

expectancy

__________ refers to the person's perception of his or her ability to accomplish an objective.

expectancy

Compared to other motivation theories, __________ holds up fairly well cross-culturally because it is flexible.

expectancy theory

The maintenance factors of two-factor theory are also called __________.

extrinsic motivators

Content motivation theories focus on understanding how employees choose behaviors to fulfill their needs.

false

Imposing a monetary fine on an employee is never a proper course of action.

false

Motivation is the need to achieve organizational objectives.

false

The content, process, and reinforcement motivation theories were developed largely in Europe.

false

The equity theory proposes that achievable but difficult goals motivate employees.

false

The giving praise model is a five-step process that begins with telling the employee what they did correctly and ends with encouraging repeat performance.

false

Each of the following is a pay for performance approach, except __________.

flexible spending accounts

The idea that achievable but difficult goals motivate employees is central to ____________.

goal-setting theory

The most researched approach to work motivation is __________.

goal-setting theory

The motivators of two-factor theory are also called __________.

intrinsic motivators

Under equity theory, all of the following would be considered a possible input, except __________.

pay

When motivating using equity theory, managers should be aware that equity is based on __________.

perceptions

The four types of reinforcement are _______________.

positive, avoidance, punishment, and extinction

Lance started a new position last year but is having trouble fitting in. Though he likes his job and is doing well at it, he has yet to really get to know his coworkers and is starting to exhibit withdrawal behaviors. He finds himself missing his last job, where he had developed many close relationships with his coworkers. For Lance, which element of the hierarchy of needs is proving problematic?

social

Collective societies include Japan, Mexico, Singapore, and Venezuela

true

Expectancy theory is based on the following formula: motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence.

true

Henry Ford once said, "If you believe you can or believe you can't, you are right." This quote is an illustration of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

true

Process motivation theories focus on understanding how employees choose behaviors to fulfill their needs.

true

There is no single universally accepted theory of how to motivate people.

true

How many of the four types of reinforcement encourage desirable behavior?

two

Which of the motivation theories splits the fifth step of the motivation process into two separate continuums?

two-factor theory

__________ refers to the value a person places on the outcome of a situation.

valence

Maslow's physiological and safety needs fall under which needs category of the acquired needs theory of motivation?

Acquired needs theory does not include physiological and safety needs.

There is a special project division at Empire Consulting in which teams select which projects the teams wants to pursue rather than simply being assigned a project by the manager. At their monthly meeting, the team is trying to decide between whether to take on a project regarding infrastructure budgeting or whether they should focus on employee performance levels companywide. Which part of motivational effort is primarily being assessed in the meeting?

Direction of effort

In terms of acquired needs theory, managers tend to have __________.

High n Pow, high n Ach, low n Aff

Process motivation theories answer which question?

How do employees choose behavior to fulfill their needs?

What does initiation of effort refer to?

How much effort to exert

__________ are generally more interested in working for socially responsible companies and are even willing to take lower salaries with companies with good corporate social responsibility (CSR) reputations

Millennials

Gerson has all the skills to be a great manager but he lacks the desire to be anything more than a regular employee. Which factor contributes the most to Gerson's low performance?

Motivation

All the following are individualistic societies, except ___________.

Singapore

Saad has been a manager at Revel Consulting for the past five years. As the business has grown, Saad has taken on more and more responsibilities and is now at the point where he is working on over 10 projects every quarter. Saad's supervisor, Vance, wants Saad to hire two assistant managers to aid Saad in managing projects; however, while Saad agrees that he is becoming overwhelmed, he fears that additional employees will make completing the projects more difficult, which makes him hesitant to agree with Vance's plan. Saad appears to be stuck at which step of the motivational process?

Satisfaction or dissatisfaction

During which step of the giving praise process should you stop for a moment of silence?

Step 3

Job enrichment is most closely related to which motivational theory?

Two-factor theory

In which country is McClelland's need for achievement more predominant than elsewhere?

U.S.

Who created the formula for the expectancy theory?

Victor Vroom

Reinforcement theory answers which question?

What can managers do to get employees to behave in ways that meet the organizational objectives?

Content motivation theories answer which question?

What needs do employees have that should be met on the job?

Sally always drives with her seat belt on. She knows that if she does not wear it, she will be pulled over. This is an example of _________________.

avoidance reinforcement

The two schedules of reinforcement are __________.

continuous and intermittent

Operant conditioning is another name for __________.

reinforcement theory

The __________ theory proposes that the consequences of employees' behavior will motivate employees to behave in predetermined ways.

reinforcement theory

In equity theory, the people we compare ourselves to are called __________.

relevant others